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言论自由及其限度 [Freedom of Speech and its Limitation]
侯, 健
侯, 健
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在法学界，言论自由的有关问题已经包含对一些论题的讨论之中，例如对于名誉权、隐私权，特 别是对于舆论监督等论题的讨论。这些讨论主要涉及言论自由的两个问题：它的价值和限度。但 是总的来说，法学界对言论自由的关注和探讨是远远不够的。对于言论自由的价值或利益往往是 匆匆地、附带式地加以讨论。对于言论自由的限度也缺乏专门和深入的讨论。这两个问题实际上 是相关的。言论自由的价值是一个正面或肯定性的（affirmative）问题，这一问题从正面探讨言 论自由有何价值。而它所包含的价值与一个社会所追求的其他价值发生冲突时，就涉及到言论自 由的限度问题。限度问题作为一个反面或否定性的(negative)问题，表明解决价值冲突的方法和 原则，也表明一个有效的言论自由制度发挥所期望的价值的条件。言论自由的限度是理解言论自 由的价值不可缺少的内容。本文即旨在探讨言论自由有何价值，并探讨当这些价值与一个社会所 追求的其他价值发生冲突时应采取何种立场、方法和原则去处理。有时，我们用“利益”一词替 代“价值”一词来讨论，但二者的含义是一样的。 [This article examines the values and limits of freedom of speech . Free speech has three main kinds of values: maintenance of a system of free speech is necessary (1) as a means of enriching knowledge and attaining the truth , (2) as a method of upholding and promoting democratic politics , (3) as guaranteeing and assuring individual interests. In addition, it has value in maintaining the balance between stability and change in the society and advancing the construction of culture .The author argues that the most important value is its guaranteeing and assuring individual interests. Then , the article discuss how to settle the conflicts between the values of freedom of speech and other values that the society is in pursuit of . The author argues that , freedom of speech is restricted by the law only when this freedom has brought about or is most likely to bring about true and material damage that can’t be avoided or cleared up by more speech. The author suggests that , in the process of settling the conflicts , the values of freedom of speech should be well taken into consideration. ]
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