Mata tantahi al-hayah

Salami, Muhammad al-Mukhtar

URI

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/101178

Online Access

http://hdl.handle.net/10822/806679

Abstract

This paper was read during the symposium held by the Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences (IOMS) in Kuwait during the period 15-17 January 1985 on the beginning and the end of human life. This paper starts with long quotations from early manuals of Islamic jurisprudence showing the deep disagreements among Muslim religious scholars on determining death. The main thesis of this paper is that the end of human life can be divided into a) circumstantial and b) absolute. The circumstantial end of life means that the vital systems, namely the heart and the brain, have both irreversibly stopped. Determining the absolute end of life is, however, impossible in light of the increasing medical advancements which are able to maintain the cardio respiratory function and might be able in future to do the same with brain function.

Date

2016-01-08

Identifier

oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/806679
In: Madhkur, Khalid; Sayf, 'Ali; Jundi, Ahmad Raja'i; Abu Ghuddah, 'Abd al-Sattar, eds., Al-hayah al-insaniyah: bidaytuha wa nihaytuha fi al-mafhúm al-Islamí = Human life: its beginning and its end from an Islamic perspective. Sulaibekhat, Kuwait: Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences 1985: 451-460
http://hdl.handle.net/10822/806679

Collections

Law and Ethics

Islamic Ethics

Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.

Trends in Maternal Mortality : 1990 to 2013

UNICEF; United Nations Population Division; World Bank; WHO; UNFPA (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014)

A number of initiatives that commenced in recent years are geared towards achievement of the fifth millennium development goal (MDG 5: improving maternal health), most notably the launch of the global strategy for women's and children's health in 2010 by the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General. Measuring the MDG 5 target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 remains a challenge. Accordingly, the maternal mortality estimation inter-agency group (MMEIG), comprising the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Population Division (UNPD), and the World Bank, together with a team at the National University of Singapore and University of California at Berkeley, United States of America, have been working together to generate internationally comparable MMR estimates. The estimates for 2013 presented in this report are the seventh in a series of analyses by the MMEIG to examine the global extent of maternal mortality. Consultations with countries were carried out following the development of the MMR estimates. The purposes of the consultations were: to give countries the opportunity to review the country estimates, data sources, and methods; to obtain additional primary data sources that may not have been previously reported or used in the analyses; and to build mutual understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of available data and ensure broad ownership of the results. This report presents global, regional, and country estimates of maternal mortality in 2013, as well as trends from 1990 to 2013. The report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two provides an overview of the definitions and approaches for measuring maternal mortality. Chapter three is a detailed description of the methodology employed in generating the estimates. Chapter four presents the estimates and interpretation of the findings. Chapter five assesses the progress towards MDG 5. The annexes and appendices presents the sources of data for the country estimates, as well as MMR estimates for the different regional groupings for UNFPA, UNICEF, the UNPD, WHO, and the World Bank.
Tajikistan - Improving Statistics for Children's Births and Deaths

World Bank (World Bank, 2012-03-19)

The Government of Tajikistan has identified improving maternal and child health (MCH) as key priorities in its new Health Sector Strategy for 2010-2020. The Government recognizes that improving MCH outcomes is critical to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for maternal and child health over the next four years. Tajikistan's data on most of the MDG indicators for maternal and child health can be improved significantly. The Government's ability to track its progress and to take action to ensure the achievement of its MDGs will be considerably bolstered by access to reliable data on childbirths, child mortality and others factors that affect these outcomes. To improve data reporting, data collection needs to be consistent in its methods and sources, which is currently not the case. As a result, health facilities and national agencies' reports diverge significantly from the results of nationally representative surveys. With this in mind, the study therefore set out to identify the main factors affecting two specific areas of Tajikistan's Health Information System-namely the child birth and death registration system as well as the possible steps to address them. The analysis reveals a number of issues that are key constraints to the further development of the vital statistics system in Tajikistan, particularly in the specific area of registration of births and deaths. Most of these go well beyond the health sector's span and call for broader action by the Government in order to be effectively and comprehensively addressed. The most important is the absence of clear leadership and ownership among the Government agencies for the issues related to accurate vital statistics. In view of this, there are several priority actions that have to be taken over the short to medium term by the Government and its key agencies to improve this situation. The most critical action is to clearly establish one Government agency to undertake the overall coordination, responsibility and ownership on the issue of vital statistics.
Miniatlas of Millennium Development Goals : Building a Better World

World Bank (Washington, DC, 2013-01-30)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a challenge the global community has set for itself. They are a challenge to poor countries to demonstrate good governance and a commitment to poverty reduction. And they are a challenge to wealthy countries to make good on their promise to support economic and social development. The MDGs have captured the world's attention, in part because they can be measured, as this little book demonstrates. More important, the goals address our most human concerns for the welfare of everyone with whom we share this planet. The authors are now one third of the way to the target date of 2015, and there are 100 million fewer people living in extreme poverty than in 1990. By 2015, 500 million more will have achieved at least a minimally acceptable standard of living- the greatest decrease in poverty since the beginning of the industrial revolution. But progress has been uneven, and many of the poorest countries, especially in Africa, lag behind. Extreme poverty means having less than $1 to meet your daily needs. But poverty is not measured in money alone. Poor people lack education, they lack health care, and they often live on wasted lands or in city slums. Solving these problems will require a substantial investment in people as well as in physical assets. Wealthy countries can help, not only through their aid programs- which are important but also by opening their markets and by sharing knowledge. Most important of all, developing countries must unleash the potential of their citizens, empowering them to create a place for themselves and their children in the world.