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La eutanasia en Bélgica.The experience of the Netherlands in relation with the legalization and practice of euthanasia is better known in Spain than the Belgian experience in this matter. But the historical process of social debate in Belgium has many specific details which should be known by Spanish healthcare professionals, bioethicists, politicians and lawyers. This paper begins with a comparative analysis of both countries: Spain and Belgium and follows with a description of the milestones of the historical process of debating and, finally, passing the Belgian Law on Euthanasia in 2002. The next chapter consists of a description of the main contents of this important Law. The paper continues then with an approach to the epidemiology of the practice of euthanasia in Belgium and finishes with a description of the different positions of the actors of the process. Two positions are described more in depth: the opinion of the specialists in palliative care, and the opinion of the Catholic Church. The paper ends underlining the reason for the incorporation of the Belgian experience on euthanasia to the debate about the possibility of legalizing euthanasia in Spain.
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The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of LGBT People : A Case Study of IndiaHuman rights and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are usually considered through a social, cultural, or ethical lens, but equality and inclusion of LGBT people are also economic development issues. This report develops a model to estimate the economic cost of stigma; negative attitudes toward LGBT people and the exclusion of LGBT people in social institutions such as education, employment, families, and health care. The model is applied to a case study of India. Three major findings emerge from this report. First, there is clear evidence of stigma and exclusion exists for LGBT people in India. Data on public opinion from 2006 shows that 41 percent of Indians would not want a homosexual neighbor, and 64 percent believe that homosexuality is never justified. Negative attitudes have diminished over time, however. Second, the effects of stigma and exclusion are potentially costly to economies. A conceptual model links exclusion of LGBT people and economic development through (1) lower productivity and lower output as a result of employment discrimination and constraints on labor supply; (2) inefficient investment in human capital because of lower returns to education and discrimination in educational settings; (3) lost output as a result of health disparities that are linked to exclusion; and (4) social and health services required to address the effects of exclusion that might be better spent elsewhere. Third and lastly, in India, existing research does not allow for a precise estimate of the cost of LGBT exclusion, but the cost could be substantial. The loss of labor productivity and output because of employment discrimination and the loss of life years due to early death or disability will reduce the economic output of the Indian economy. With better research on the lived experiences of LGBT people, researchers could use existing analytical tools to estimate the total cost of LGBT exclusion.
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Russian Federation Gender AssessmentAn egalitarian socialist legacy and
 relatively high and growing levels of income, particularly
 over the last decade, have translated into fairly equal
 gender outcomes in Russia along many dimensions. There are
 no significant differences in education levels between men
 and women, and in recent years more young women have
 completed post-secondary education than young men. Girls
 outperform boys in reading in standardized exams and do as
 well as them in math and science. At first glance, women do
 not seem to have difficulties in transitioning from school
 to work or remaining employed over the life cycle. And
 female labor force participation is significantly above the
 levels observed in other countries in Europe and Central
 Asia, as well as in the Organization for Economic
 Cooperation and Development, or OECD. This new assessment of
 gender equality issues in Russia seeks to gauge the progress
 in all the domains of outcomes during the last 10 years, and
 to further understand the main causes behind the persisting
 gender gaps identified in the country. This assessment
 builds on the analytical framework proposed by the World
 Development Report 2012: gender equality and development
 (World Bank 2012a) to provide a general overview of gender
 issues in Russia, and it builds on literature at the
 frontier in economics to go deeper in the two selected
 topics: adult mortality and gender gap in pay.