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HIV, AIDS and gender issues in Indonesia : implications for policy : an application of complexity theoryThe aim of the study was to offer solutions for the enhancement of Indonesia’s HIV
 and AIDS policy and to suggest future possibilities. In the process, the gendered
 nature of the epidemic was explored. In light of the relatively lower rates of
 employment among Indonesian women, this study also sought to gain insights into
 the possible reasons for many women appearing to be attached to domesticity.
 In the first phase of the study, interviews with stakeholders in HIV and AIDS
 prevention were conducted, followed by a Delphi exercise involving 23 HIV and
 AIDS experts. In the second phase, 28 women from various ethnicities were
 interviewed, including those in polygamous and contract marriages. The overall
 results were interpreted through the lens of complexity theory.
 Fewer than half of the proposed objectives were approved by the experts in the
 Delphi round. These were interventions mainly aimed at the risk groups while most
 objectives relating to education about HIV and AIDS and safer sex for the general
 public failed to obtain consensus. Reasons for the lack of consensus were
 differences in perceptions associated with human rights, moral reasoning, the
 unfeasibility of certain statements and personal conviction about the control of the epidemic. Emphasis on men’s and women’s innate characteristics; men’s role as
 breadwinner; women’s primary role as wife, mother and educator of their children;
 and unplanned pregnancies emerged as major themes from the qualitative phase.
 While the adat and Islam revival movements may have endorsed the ideals of the
 New Order state ideology, Javanese rituals regarded as violating Islam teachings
 were abandoned. Ignorance about safer sex and HIV and AIDS was also established. Interpretation of the results through the lens of complexity theory revealed that the
 national HIV and AIDS policy needs to encompass interventions for the general
 population, which would include comprehensive sex education in schools and
 media campaigns focusing on women. It was found that women’s vulnerability to
 HIV and their penchant for domesticity appear to be associated with their
 perceived primary role as wife and mother, as promoted by the adat-based New Order state ideology.