• Pursuing ideological passion in Islamic radical group’s insurgency: a case study of Negara Islam Indonesia

  Azizah, Nur'aini; Muluk, Hamdi; Milla, Mirra Noor (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  This study seeks to investigate the ideological passion of those who join a religion-based insurgency group. Religion-based insurgencies continue to exist even after being dispersed, whereas region-based insurgencies typically end after government defeat. Having an ideological hatred for the state’s ideology is the primary motivation for insurgents to fight tenaciously for their movement. This study focuses on the ideological passion formation process in the context of the Indonesian Muslim insurgency known as Negara Islam Indonesia. (NII). NII is a religion-based insurgency in Indonesia that continues to operate clandestinely and is the progenitor of radical movements such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach and a case study procedure, the method was applied. The participants included 21 former NII members. Using thematic analysis, the data was examined. Previous research on religion-based insurgency focused primarily on the role of extremist religious ideology as the movement’s foundation. However, it remains unclear as to how ideology influences the selection of an insurgency strategy and the desire to continue the movement. Formation of ideological passions may cast light on the dynamics of religious insurgency. The findings indicate that the ideological passion of religion-based insurgency is comprised of five primary themes. These five themes are rumination, ideology valuation, movement dedication, social interactions, and ideology internalization. This study highlights the role of ideological passion in the formation of insurgencies. This ideological passion can also play a significant role in the disengagement procedure of insurgents, which includes social interactions and internalization.
• The potential of Muslim Friendly Hospitality in the tourism industry in Central Java

  Iskandar, Iskandar; WARIDIN, Waridin; ISKANDAR, Deden Dinar (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  This study aims to identify Muslim hospitality potential in the Central Java tourism industry. This research uses a hybrid research method or a Multiphase Mixed Method. Multiphase data were collected simultaneously between qualitative and quantitative data. Data were taken from literature studies, field observations, and in-depth interviews with key informants. The analytical methods used in this study included the Mic-Mac and Mactor analytical instruments, descriptive statistics, and Triangulation Methods. Results of the study show that although Central Java has not applied MFH regulations, the halal tourism industry is practiced in tourism. Central Java has all the potential for Muslim Hospitality with a score of 3.8 out of 5 based on the Indonesian Muslim Travel Index (IMTI) category. The potential for various scenic destinations, polite manner of community, stable and safe political conditions, financial institutions’ support, the existence of Islamic boarding schools, and both tangible and intangible Islamic historical heritage are all the strengths of MFH in Central Java. The theoretical implication of this research can be used as a starting point for further research. Whereas the applied implication suggests that the government needs a seed to immediately formulate regulations on Halal Tourism as affirmed by the state.
• Islamic literature in modern Indonesia: political disputes among Muslim writers, 1930s-1960s

  Hakim, Sudarnoto Abdul (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  This article examines the evolution of Islamic elements in twentieth-century Indonesian literature. The study employs historical analysis and methods to assess the continuity and change in the expression of Islamic themes in literary works. By examining the verses in literary works and the criticism that surrounds them, the article shows that Islamic literature has transformed significantly over the last decade. The article argues that literary criticism among Muslim writers goes beyond literary critique to encompass an assessment of political ideology. Literary works are viewed as a means to address issues such as communist ideology, as well as a medium of da’wah by Muslim writers or poets. As such, the study finds that both Islamic melodramatic and Islamic romance literature has ideological impulses. Overall, the article highlights the importance of examining the intersection of literature and politics, particularly in the context of Islamic literature in Indonesia. By tracing the evolution of Islamic elements in literary works, the study provides valuable insights into the cultural and political history of Indonesia.
• From separation between state and religion to religion-freeing state: the changing faces of secularism in Turkey

  Mohd Nor, Mohd Roslan; Ibrahim, Muhammad Khalis (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  From the very beginning, the establishment of modern Turkey adhered to thesecularisation process, namely to separate the state from religious influence.Although religion has been marginalised, Islam remained a major societal force inTurkey. This scenario raises some questions: What is the idea of Turkish secularism?How can religion possess influence in the context of Turkey as a secular state?What is the form and orientation of secularism in Turkey? Therefore, this studyaims to answer these questions by scrutinising the idea, history, and orientation ofsecularism in Turkey. To fulfil this objective, we scrutinised documents and previousstudies related to Turkish secularism. Then, the idea of Turkish secularism was critically and chronologically analysed from the early time it was implemented upto the present time to assume its orientation. In the early time, Turkish secularismdid not solely separate the state from religion, but perceived that the state shouldcontrol religion as well. Its assertive nature has forced the emergence of a moreliberal version of secularism, which treats the idea of separation between the state and religion according to the notion of democracy, and hence, freed religion from the strict, tutelary state. Secularism in Turkey under the present regime is differentfrom before, as religious (Islamic) manifestation is increasingly visible in publicspaces even though the state remains secular. We argue that the present Turkishsecularism can become a “model” for other Muslim countries that are still dealingwith the conflict regarding the religion-state relationship.
• Muhammadiyah, Sufism, and the quest for ‘authentic’ Islamic spirituality

  Muttaqin, Ahmad; Hamsah, Ustadi; Abror, Robby Habiba (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  This current paper explores and analyzes the trend of Sufism discourses and practices among Indonesian Muslim modernist-reformer organizations with special reference to the Muhammadiyah movement. The public tends to categorize Muhammadiyah as an anti-Sufism movement. A close study, however, shows that the existence of Sufism discourse and practices is a clear religious phenomenon among its individual figures and members, although organizationally Muhammadiyah does not recognize the existence of Sufi orders (tarekat). Based on the data collected from subjective-ethnographic notes of the organization’s programs and activities as well as literature studies of the organization documents, this study implements Stephen Katz’s philosophical model. It shows that Muhammadiyah is searching for Islamic spirituality by promoting the authenticity of tasawuf aspects, namely tauh}id or monotheism and akhlaq al-karimah or noble characters as reflected in the concept of ih}san. In this regard, Sufism is defined as a system of values and spirituality, not involved in a particular Sufi order. Muhammadiyah interprets Sufism as ethical values and ethos to do virtuous actions in society.
• Islamism without commotion: the religious transformation of Tuak Kampong in West Lombok

  Jaya, Pajar Hatma Indra; Saptoni, S; Haq, Muhammad Izzul (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  The Islamic revival movement is often considered a threat to other religious groups. Many studies on the issues have presented the dark sides of religion, wherein Islamic movements often turned into political ones leading to religion-based fundamentalism, violence, and terrorism. The current research explicates the process and characteristics of Islamism in a democratic climate by investigating a case of religious transformation in a traditional kampong formerly known for producing tuak in West Lombok. The Islamic movement, or to be precise, purification, is recently quite prevalent in the area. It relates to the early history of Islamization in Lombok, which pitted Islam against Hinduism and other local traditions. Such confluences generated rules and regional Islamic variants that are often considered heretic. Qualitative data for this study was gathered through observations, desk study, and interviews. This research found that the Islamization process observed in the tuak kampong displays unique characteristics different from those that commonly portray Islamic movements. Islamization in West Lombok was carried out without any commotion due to its non-coercive, outward-looking, and rational factors. These attributes are apparent in the three processes of transformation, the first is non-coercive cultural transformation through education and awareness, the second refers to structural change achieved through legal arrangement, and the third is rational transformation through community empowerment programs.
• Islamic education for disabilities: new model for developing Islamic parenting in Integrated Blind Orphanage of Aisyiyah

  Mahfud, Choirul; Rohani, Imam; Nuryana, Zalik; Baihaqi, Baihaqi; Munawir, Munawir (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  This study proposes Islamic education for disabilities as a new way of developingan Islamic parenting model applied at the integrated blind orphanages of AisyiyahPonorogo, Indonesia. This research method is a qualitative study using in-depthinterview techniques, participant observation, documentation, and content analysis. This study found that the Islamic parenting model applied at the Aisyiyah Ponorogo is more dominated by authoritative parenting styles than permissiveand authoritarian parenting. This finding confirms criticism and a solutionto Baumrind’s parenting theory on the one hand. It means that the design ofauthoritative and Islamic parenting is more helpful in producing a parentingstyle oriented towards a more positive aspect, achieving, independent, religious,responsible, and closer to the child’s future. The Islamic-based parenting modelapplies the parental model of flexibility and adaptability involving some aspects ofparenting style, work program, paradigm, method, and instrument. The research’ssignificance is to understand the Islamic parenting model applied to integratedblind orphanages of Aisyiyah Ponorogo that can be used as role models for otherorphanages throughout Indonesia. The current research brings value and can beused as a lesson learned for other Muslim communities in Indonesia.
• Multicultural Quality of Life: experiences of a South Australian Muslim community amid the COVID-19 pandemic

  Adelaide Mosque Islamic Society of South Australia Inc. (AMISSA); McLaren, Helen Jaqueline; Jones, Michelle; Patmisari, Emi (IAIN Salatiga, 2023-06-05)

  Muslims have a strong sense of obligation in which Islam informs their ways of life. As a religious minority within Australia, these obligatory practices may not be well understood by mainstream policy, health, and welfare services. This mixed-method, cross-sectional study assessed the self-reported quality of life (QoL), worldviews, and subjective experiences of religiosity and/or cultural identity of adults from a Muslim community affiliated with the Adelaide Mosque, metropolitan South Australia. Data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Multicultural Quality of Life Index (MQLI) and focus group discussions. Survey results (n = 98) showed women had lower MQLI scores than men did, and married participants had better MQLI scores than not-married did. Focus group participants (n = 18) reported feeling overwhelmed and isolated due to social distancing requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic, compounded by a lack of available ‘Muslim-friendly’ social support services. While results do not represent all Muslim perspectives in Australia, they reveal a dialogic interchange between gender and matrimonial differences, and cultural variances that may exist in the concept of wellbeing. Greater opportunities for social support integrating Muslim religiosity and culture in multicultural practice, in discrete and mainstream services, would benefit this South Australian community.
• The Fikih Difabel of Muhammadiyah: context, content, and aspiration to an inclusive Islam

  Maftuhin, Arif; Muflihati, Abidah (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  Since ratifying the CRPD (Convention on the Rights of Persons with disabilities), Indonesia has witnessed developments in promoting the rights of people with disabilities. Public policies and civil organizations make their respective contributions. Muhammadiyah responded favorably by issuing a comprehensive fatwa on Islam and disability in 2020, compiled in Fikih Difabel. This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach to understand the Fikih Difabel. It explores the historical context of disability in Muhammadiyah and analyzes religious interpretations that become the paradigm and content of Fikih Difabel. Data were collected from various primary sources, such as interviews, observations, and analyses of various Muhammadiyah documents. The research concludes that Fikih Difabel is an organizational and academic effort to find a theological basis to promote disability rights. Fikih Difabel has succeeded in listening to the disabled’s aspirations, integrating the national legal norms and current academic findings, and highlighting Islamic ideals of just and inclusive religion. Fikih Difabel is Muhammadiyah’s contribution to promoting Islam as an inclusive and friendly religion for persons with disabilities 
• Converging Islamic and religious norms in Indonesia’s state life plurality

  Universitas Islam Negeri Salatiga; Farkhani, Farkhani; Elviandri, Elviandri; Dimyati, Khudzaifah; Absori, Absori; ZUHRI, MUH (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  Indonesia is characterized by a plurality of values that inspire the formation of the state and its constitution. The democratization after the reformation made some religious communities desire to express their teachings openly. For instance, they desired to implement religious norms, resulting in laws and regional regulations with religious nuances. This study aimed to examine the convergence of Islamic norms and norms of other religions into positive law. It also intended to examine the prospects for converging these norms amid religious plurality. Using a historical and normative approach model, the practice of converging Islamic norms and norms of other religions was found from the formation to the promulgation of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. However, this law often receives judicial reviews, especially concerning interfaith marriages. The latest product of legislation relating to the application of religious norms into positive law is Aceh Qanun No. 6 of 2014 concerning Jinayat. The Qanun is interesting in the study of the convergence of norms of Islam and other religions in Indonesia. Although the formation and promulgation involved only followers of Islam, the Qanun accommodated the teachings of other religions. Therefore, non-Muslims prefer submitting to the Qanun rather than voting for the Criminal Code. These two examples show the prospect of converging open religious norms in various legislations.
• The progressiveness of Quranic interpretation in the fatwa of Muhammadiyah on female circumcision

  Mundzir, Ilham; Muthmainnah, Yulianti (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  The Indonesian Muslim community has been accustomed to requesting and carrying out religious Fatwas related to ibadah (worship) or mu’amalah (worldly dealings) in religious organizations that gave rise to various Fatwas, such as Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), and the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI). This paper focuses on female circumcision, by comparing how the same Quranic verses and Hadith can have various interpretations and Fatwas. Although the source of producing the Fatwa is the same (al-Quran and Hadith), the Fatwa that emerges from three Islamic organization are completely different. Qualitative research methods include interviews and literature review, with Fatwas from religious organizations and interviews being the primary sources. This research concludes that Fatwa from Muhammadiyah is considered the most progressive and has a strong perspective on gender equality and justice by prohibiting female circumcision. On the other hand, the Fatwa from NU and MUI supports and allows female circumcision, even though it has negative impacts on women and baby girls, including the death of baby girls.
• Sharia in power: non-Muslims and the performance of Islamic politics in Aceh public Sphere, Indonesia

  IAIN Langsa; Zulkarnaini, Zulkarnaini; Ansor, Muhammad; Masyhur, Laila Sari (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  A structural transformation of the public sphere in contemporary Aceh is marked by the monopoly over religious interpretations by the state and ulema through the enactment of Islamic sharia. This article examines the performance of Aceh’s public sphere with reference to non-Muslim discourses in practising Islamic politics. The data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and literature study. Based on the concept of multiple public spheres, this paper argues that the government’s attempts to restrict the performance of public space based on Islamic values and identities is not only unsuccessful but also triggers a counter-public sphere to emerge. The counterpublic sphere has become an arena where its proponents promote their valuable ideas, negotiate identity, or being resistant to in realising aspirations. This study finds out that the visibility of public space is in layers and there may be no connections between one contingent and another, or they even contest. Although they may have similarities in being resistant to dominant narratives, the proponents of public space have many ways, perspectives, or strategies to share their ideas and increase their participation in the more prominent public space.
• Conceptualizing Muslim identity in the US, post-9/11

  I would like to extend my appreciation to the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) for supporting my doctoral study at the Ohio State University, U.S.A. I completed this article during my study.; Dellarosa, Maretha (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  This article examines the conception of Muslim identity by Muslim teachers in the broader Islamophobic American social environment and the ways they support young Muslim children. To answer these questions, this article employs a qualitative case study by observing and interviewing Muslim teachers who teach kindergarteners in a Sunday school program. Drawing on identity, social identity, and intersectionality as theoretical frameworks, the findings from this study demonstrate that the interpretation of good Muslim and Islamic principles serve as an instrument to conceptualize Muslim teachers’ identity.
• The dialectic of fiqh understanding and the female Imam-Khatib tradition in Balingka, West Sumatra, Indonesia

  Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang; ikhwan, ikhwan; Fatia, Azhariah; Suratman, Junizar; Ramadhan, Muhammad Nabil; Alfaiz, Alfaiz (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  This study aimed to determine the relationship between the fiqh understanding and women’s religious role in the tradition of female priests and preachers (imam-khatib) in Balingka, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A qualitative approach was used with data obtained through interviews with informants, including female priests (imam), religious scholars, village guardians, community leaders, and women figures in Balingka. Furthermore, documentation and observation were also used to collect data. The results showed a relationship between the dynamics of  fiqh understanding and women’s religious role. A moderate fiqh understanding makes the practice of female imam-khatib persist, supporting its recognition, and acceptance. Conversely, radical fiqh thoughts make the tradition of female imam-khatib criticized and challenged. The shift in fiqh understanding brings this tradition to an end after lasting for almost a century in Balingka. The study of Islam socialized by the Salafis through television and internet media shifted the understanding of fiqh from a moderate to a radical style, bringing this tradition to an end. Consequently, women are marginalized from their religious roles and are subordinate to men’s roles.
• The protection of civil rights for the Shi’ite refugees of Sampang, East Java: a systemic governance approach to restore the refugees’ Rights

  This article is based on the research project funded by Universitas Negeri Semarang; Muhtada, Dani; Suhadi, Suhadi; Zaidi, In’am; Alkhair, Rayyan (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  Hundreds of victims of the 2012 Sunni-Shia conflict in Sampang are still living in refugee camps in Sidoarjo, East Java. They still keep the dream to return back to their home village in Sampang. Even though the majority of them have pledged to return to Sunnis in early November 2020, no one could guarantee that they can definitely return to their home village after the pledge. This article seeks to identify the factors that make it difficult for the Sampang Shia refugees to obtain their civil rights as well as to formulate strategic policies to restore these rights. This article indicates that the Shia refugees, who live in the refugee camp, have already got some of their civil rights back, including the rights to access health facilities, education and administration services. However, there are two fundamental civil rights that have not been fulfilled, namely the freedom of religion and the right to live back in their home village. It argues that two main factors prevent them from returning to their home village: strong resistance from the community and the weak role of the state. The article suggests that the government needs to employ a systemic governance approach to fully restore the civil rights of the Sampang Shia refugees.
• Understanding the values of Islamic economics and Javanese philosophy pertaining to the work ethic of Muslim merchants in Salatiga

  Waluyo, Agus (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-12-17)

  The work ethic of Javanese Muslim merchants may originate from religious teachings and Javanese philosophical values. Islamic teachings and Javanese philosophy contain values that edify prudence, caution, precision, optimism, patience, trust in God, harmony, cooperation, and mutual help, which result in a particular work ethic. Muslim merchants in traditional markets, still maintain work ethic manifested by economic practices based on Javanese philosophical aphorisms and Islamic teachings. This study is aimed at analyzing Muslim merchants’ understanding of work ethic as a motive for their actions in manifesting Islamic teachings and Javanese philosophical values aligned with the purposes of sharia (maqasid sharia). Case samples for the study were collected in Salatiga’s traditional markets. The study used the qualitative approach. Max Weber’s social action theory and Abdul Madjid Najjar’s maqasid sharia were used in the analysis. The study results show that merchants’ work ethic begins with their understanding of Islamic economics and Javanese philosophy, which are internalized in their attitude, behavior, and action. The merchants’ behavior, containing substantial values of Islamic teachings and Javanese philosophy, suggests the existence of instrumentally rational, value rational, affectual, and traditional social actions. The merchants’ motivations are categorized as efforts to realize maqasid by maintaining values of human life, human self, society, and physical environment. The merchants’ attitude has fulfilled the indicators for safeguarding faith and rights, human self and intellect, social entity and posterity, and wealth and ecology.
• Community-based health coverage at the crossroad; the Muhammadiyah health fund in Indonesia

  Samsudin, Agus Mohammad; Prabowo, Harjanto (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-06-04)

  This paper discusses the complexities of community-based health insurance (CBHI) coordinated by faith-based NGOs in Indonesia, and how government health care schemes threaten community-based health care plans. It discusses, in particular, Muhammadiyah’s history, one of the largest Islamic civil society organizations dealing with the health sector, as well as their struggle to facilitate community-based health care insurance. The role of state-based universal health coverage (UHC) has markedly overshadowed civil society programs, including faith-based NGOs, in implementing and providing health care services in their circles or members. While the State faces a delicate situation in the management of its universal health care, both financially and operationally, civil society groups have sought to revive the limited health care scheme as a way to supplement and even contend with the state welfare regime. 
• Islamic revival and cultural diversity: pesantren’s configuration in contemporary Aceh Indonesia

  Rahman, Bambang Arif (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-06-04)

  This study aims at investigating the extent to which pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in Aceh, Indonesia have flourished in encountering multicultural situations in the post-disaster of a massive tsunami and post-separatist-military conflict through the lens of Islamic revivalism. A decade and a half after the gigantic natural disaster in 2004 and the protracted bloody conflict, Aceh underwent various changes in social, economic, political, educational, and religious areas. In the educational and religious sectors, a pivotal metamorphose took place in pesantren as a means of Islamic revival, where this Islamic boarding school has transformed into multicultural institutions. Using a qualitative design, this study observed a small number of pesantren in Aceh, interviewed their key stakeholders, and analyzed pesantren documents. The findings show that pesantren cultures in contemporary Aceh differ from previous monolithic traditional Islamic schools in curriculum, characteristics, typology, and affiliation. This change is a unique mark of an Islamic revival following the influx of the plural Indonesian and of the world communities to Aceh after the catastrophe and violence with their heterogeneous aids and cultural settings. In addition, the implementation of shari’a (Islamic) law in this special province after both tragedies confirmed the work of the Islamic revival, though many nationalists sharply criticize this sectarian and exclusive law within multicultural countries like Indonesia. However, in this situation, pesantren in Aceh expressed a positive commitment to celebrating cultural diversity through ethnicity respect, religious tolerance, and Indonesian unity rather than endorsing the idea of an Islamic state.
• Islamic political supports and voting behaviors in majority and minority muslim provinces in Indonesia

  IAIN Manado; Salim, Delmus Puneri (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-06-04)

  This article focuses on relation between Islam and politics in Indonesia during the last two presidential election. The article looks at Islamic political support to Prabowo Subianto and its influence into the 2014 and 2019 Presidential election in the majority and minority Muslim provinces. Data collection was conducted by document study to texts of internet media, especially on the issues of Islamic political support to Prabowo Subianto and results of the 2014 and 2019 Presidential election in the chosen majority and minority Muslim provinces. This study reveals correlation between Islam and politics with results of the two previous Indonesian Presidential election, finding out that the Islamic political support has increased votes of the promoted candidates in majority Muslim provinces and reversely decreased votes of the candidate in minority Muslim provinces. The study shows that the Islamic political supports affect voting behaviors more in minority Muslim provinces than in majority Muslim provinces. These findings, in turn, highlight the importance of developing a strategy to manage religious political support in Indonesian elections.
• Theologising democracy in the context of Muhammadiyah’s ijtihād

  Bachtiar, Hasnan (IAIN Salatiga, 2022-06-04)

  This article focuses to examine the process of Muhammadiyah’s ijtihād has evolved, specifically in constructing the notion of Negara Pancasila sebagai Dār al-‘Ahd wa al-Shahādah (the state of consensus and witness) and the arguments on which it is built. The scholarly issues that have been highlighted in this article are study on this specific discourse has not been done yet, the ijtihad in the field of Siyar (law of war and international relations in Islamic traditions) which has been elaborated with ideas of contemporary social sciences is very rare, and the discourse of Siyar has dominantly covered only the area of Middle East. Accordingly, this article confidently fulfils these gaps applying qualitative research method and analysis of social contextualisation. This article argues that the way of Muhammadiyah’s ijtihād in producing the idea of Indonesia as the state of consensus and witness is applying theologising democracy. It consists of trajectory in which Muhammadiyah has objectified Islam and substantialised it to enhance the meaning of democracy.

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