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Les stèles d’Aksum

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Author(s)
Dewel, Serge
Keywords
Addis Abäba
Addis Abeba
Aksum
Éthiopie
Haylä-Sǝllase
Täfäri
construction nationale
historicisme
identité nation
style national
Addis Abeba
Aksum
Ethiopia
Hayle Selasse
Tafari
historicism
nation building
national identity
national style
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URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/1632627
Online Access
http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/20803
Abstract
Le patrimoine archéologique éthiopien est important par son ancienneté et son volume. Il est connu et scientifiquement étudié de longue date. Parmi les artefacts et monuments du passé, les stèles d’Aksum sont certainement celles qui ont le plus retenu l’intérêt des pouvoirs publics éthiopiens, selon des modalités et des enjeux qui varièrent avec le contexte politique — national et international — et la nature des régimes. De la mission allemande de 1906 (DAE) suscitée par l’empereur Mǝnilǝk II à leur intégration dans des monuments historicistes constituant l’embryon d’un style national, les stèles d’Aksum ont acquis le statut de figure héraldique, voire de symbole de la nation. Elles ont décoré les pavillons de l’Éthiopie aux Expositions universelles et illustré les billets de banque. Lors des événements les plus importants, elles réapparaissent, sortie de la nuit des temps éthiopiens. Seul le régime militaro-marxiste du Därg ne fit pas recours à son image. Cet article se propose de retracer les usages qui ont été fait des stèles d’Aksum, en tant qu’icône, dans la construction nationale éthiopienne et de s’intéresser à son rôle politique, depuis 1906 (date des premières recherches archéologiques) à 2008, date du retour à Aksum de la stèle installée à Rome en 1936 après un long bras de fer diplomatique.
Ethiopian archeological heritage is important due to its antiquity and sheer volume, having been known and scientifically studied for many years. Among the artifacts and monuments of the past, the Aksum stelae are certainly those which have most interested Ethiopia’s public powers in various ways over time as per issues in the political—national and international—context, as well as according to the nature of the regimes in power. From the German archaeological expedition to Aksum (DAE, 1906), encouraged by Menelik II, to the inclusion of obelisks into historicist monuments constituting the embryo of a national style, the Aksum stelae have acquired the stature of a heraldic figure, the symbol of the nation. They have decorated the Ethiopian pavillons at World Fairs and appeared on bank notes. They reappear, during the most important events, out of the deep past of Ethiopia. Only the military Marxist regime, the Derg, avoided using the image of the obelisks. This article retraces the uses made of the Aksum stelae as an icon in the construction of the Ethiopian national identity and concerns itself with the political role, from 1906 to 2008, date of the re-erection of an Aksum obelisk (Stelae n°2), which Mussolini had taken to Rome in 1937, in its original location, after a long, diplomatic struggle.
Date
2017-10-05
Type
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Identifier
oai:revues.org:etudesafricaines/20803
http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/20803
Copyright/License
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
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