• Covenant Violation as A Pathway For Interpreting The Gospel: An Engagement With Schilder and The Yoruba Thought

  Popoola, Oluwabukunmi; Theologische Universiteit, Kampen, Netherlands; Salurante, Tony; Arastamar Evangelical Theological School, Jakarta (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2023-04-15)

  This paper discussed Schilder's position on the theology of covenant in engagement with the Yoruba thought, identifying their points of agreement and departure and establishing the fruitfulness of Schilder's thoughts on the theology of covenant among the Yorubas. Through library and field studies, it answered whether the levity accorded the Christian faith in the recent by the Yoruba people group is not unconnected to a shallow understanding of the implications of breaking the covenant relationship entailed in the Christian faith. And how the implications of covenant violation, as discussed by Klaas Schilder, can be fruitful for the Yoruba people's understanding of the covenant of grace.
• Favoritism of God? שָׁעָה in Genesis 4:1-16 and its implications for Cain’s status and offerings

  Lisanias, Haezer; Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Theologia Jaffray Makassar; Luthy, Christopher James; University of Divinity, Australia; Frederik, Hanny; Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Jaffray Makassar; Laukapitang, Yunus D. A.; Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Jaffray Makassar (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2023-04-20)

  This article aims to analyze the meaning of the word שָׁעָה based on Genesis 4:1-16 and explain its implications for the status of Cain and his offering. The research method used by the author in writing this is a qualitative research method based on hermeneutic principles. The results of this study indicate that the word שָׁעָה has the meaning of respect. God honoured Abel and his sacrifice. At the same time, God does not respect Cain and his gift. God knows what Cain's plot was before he killed Abel. The implication of Cain's status and sacrifice is that Cain's evil personality hindered him and his sacrifice before God. His person stands in the way of his gift to reach God.
• Urban Mission Strategy Through One-on-One Online Dialogue in Melbourne Australia

  Hermanto, Yanto Paulus; Sekolah Tinggi Teologi (STT) Kharisma; Usmanij, Petrus Antonius; La Trobe University, Australia; Zaluchu, Sonny; Indonesia Baptist Theological Seminary (STBI) (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2023-04-25)

  This paper reports the results of research on urban evangelism conducted online using a Zoom application with one-on-one techniques. The method is to conduct worldview talks with other religions in Melbourne, Australia. The dialogue refers to three key questions: (1) What is the worldview of your belief or religion? (2)  Is there more to life than this? and (3) How does your belief or religion contribute to your life? The paper is presented in the form of descriptive reports. As a result, dialogue between religious people through a worldview approach in urban areas is effective as an effort to deepen the beliefs of others and introduce religious teachings embraced by other religions. The research contributes to the strategy of contemporary urban missions in the pandemic in the digital community. It provides new insights that evangelism can be done using technological devices in addition to the traditional way.
• The Euthanasia Debate and Its Implications on The Legalization of Euthanasia in Indonesia

  Xian, Chia Yee; Theology Department, Mount Carmel Bible Presbyterian Church, Singapore (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2023-04-20)

  Today, an ethical issue that is controversial and much debated is the practice of euthanasia. The ethical debate on euthanasia is basically about competing moral visions and values. The research method used in this study is qualitative. Information is collected from publications such as books and journals. The advocates for the legalisation of euthanasia based their reasons on compassion and individual autonomy. They argue that euthanasia is right because it removes human suffering. Everyone has the right to determine how to die, concerning when and how. They believe that certain lives, such as people in a persistent vegetative state, are not just worth living. Those who oppose euthanasia say it is morally wrong to kill helpless people, even at their request. Christians who oppose euthanasia base their arguments on the sanctity of life. A person’s freedom to decide on euthanasia should follow a structure of healthy moral values. Another key consideration in the debate is the slippery slope argument. Currently, euthanasia is prohibited in Indonesia, as stated in Article 344 of the Indonesian Criminal Code. As more countries legalise euthanasia, the writer believes that the call for legalising euthanasia in Indonesia will be intensified. We need to be better informed because law, medicine, beliefs and reason intersect in the euthanasia debate. The writer will give an overall view of the contemporary euthanasia debate from a Christian perspective.
• Conformed to the Image of Christ: Evaluating Approaches to Spiritual Formation

  Chia, Philip Suciadi; Evangelical Theological Seminary of Indonesia; Chishi, Asato; Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2023-04-15)

  In his letter to the Church in Ephesus, Paul writes that every disciple of Jesus ought to “make God’s activity the pattern for their lives” and become Christlike by Andrew T. Lincoln. Every disciple’s goal is to imitate the perfect image of God—Jesus Christ. This imitation is possible through practical obedience, as the German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer stated. Keeping in mind that the disciple’s end goal is to imitate Jesus, it is deemed essential to evaluate Spiritual formational approaches that are viewed as scaffolds in conforming to the image of Christ. The research seeks to critically analyze four approaches to Spiritual formation to appreciate their strengths and identify their weaknesses and evaluate their effectiveness to determine if such approaches can help believers in conforming to the image of Christ. Thus, the thesis of this article is to argue for the quintessential role of the Holy Spirit, the essential responsibility of the human agent, and the indispensable role of the Christian community, which are deemed crucial for effective Spiritual formational approaches.
• Missionary Thinking in the Perspective of Adult Education Principles and Bible Study

  GP, Harianto; (ID SCOPUS: 57218898497) Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Excelsius; Suparti, Hana; Daliman, Muner; (ID SCOPUS: 57226348242), Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Kadesi Yogyakarta; James, Jonathan D.; (ID SCOPUS: 57006014200), Adjunct lecturer at Edith Cowan University and Senior Lecturer at Sheridan College. (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-10-21)

  Adult education is formulated as a process that fosters a desire to ask questions and learn continuously throughout life. The study aims to answer the questions: What is the Bible as the basis for teaching design? What are the characteristics of adult education? What is the correct and effective formulation of a missionary for adult education? The answers are: 1) The Bible as the basis for teaching design means Bible values are the source and guide of all curricula; 2) Characteristics of adult education, both in the field of work and other experiences, are independent, think for their interests (future) and have diverse backgrounds; 3) Appropriate and effective missionary Bible studies for adult education are as follows: a) curriculum that reflects God's missionary vision (Missio Dei); b) a curriculum model for a missionary approach that uses information, stimulation, or projection and a learning process for missionary approach which is developed based on the interests of adults by integrating all forms of activities.
• Paul’s Justification by Faith: Reformers’ Perspective and Implication for Theological Learning

  Chia, Yee Xian; Theology Department, Mount Carmel Bible Presbyterian Church 152 West Coast Rd, Singapore 127370 (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-10-21)

  Since the Fall, man is totally depraved. Therefore, Paul insists that “a man is not justified by observing the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ.” The doctrine of Justification by Faith is one of the most important doctrines of Protestantism. Justification is the remission of sins and the imputation of Christ’s righteousness to sinners who have believed. However, the teaching of this doctrine is largely neglected today when churches do not support the three basic presuppositions in which the doctrine of Justification by Faith rests: the divine authority of Holy Scripture, the divine wrath against sin and the substitutionary satisfaction of Christ. When these truths are not supported and taught, inevitably the doctrine of Justification by Faith will be neglected. The doctrine of Justification by Faith determines whether the church stands or falls. When this doctrine is understood, believed, preached and taught, the church stands in the grace of God and is alive. On the other hand, when this doctrine is neglected, the church will fall from grace and will be in a state of darkness and death. The writer would like to reinstate the doctrine of Justification by Faith to its rightful and central place by giving an overview of Paul’s, Patristic Fathers’ and Reformers’ perspectives of justification. The doctrine of Justification by Faith must be taught in its biblical setting and its presuppositions re-established. Qualitative methods will be used in this study in the form of library research and journals. 
• Exploring the Spiritual Struggles of God’s Servant in the Book of Jonah

  Sin, Sia Kok; Theology Department, Sekolah Tinggi Theologi Aletheia, Lawang; Simon, Mark; New Testament and Research Associate, Ridley College, Melbourne (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-10-19)

  This article focuses on the spiritual struggles of Jonah, as narrated in the book bearing his name. While negative evaluations of Jonah's character have dominated recent scholarly work (for example, as a disobedient, stubborn, nationalistic prophet or anti-hero), this article argues that such categorizations are too simplistic and flat. Jonah is, instead, a complex, round character who dares to disobey and argue with God in the course of his struggle to understand and respond to God's attributes and purposes. Throughout Jonah's book, we see God's patience and mercy at work as he commissioned, disciplined, rescued, recommissioned, and educated Jonah. The article includes an inductive summary of the words and actions of Jonah, a literature review, a re-reading of the text in dialogue with scholarly voices focused on the spiritual struggle of the prophet, and a discussion of key pastoral implications for the calling, discernment and character formation of those in Christian ministry.
• Eudaimonism: Juxtaposition to the Concept of the Last Judgment on Matthew 25:31-46

  Universitas Advent Indonesia; Hendriks, Alvyn Cesarianto; Universitas Advent Indonesia; Hutagalung, Stimson Bernard; Universitas Advent Indonesia; Najoan, Jemmy Carter; Universitas Advent Indonesia (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-10-20)

  The concept of “last judgment” means punishment for the wicked and reward for the righteous with the ultimate goal of human life. Philosophers’ theories sometimes contradict the contents of the Bible. Does eudaimonism go against the Bible or support each other? This study endeavours to cultivate a deeper insight into Aristotle’s happiness theory-eudaimonia juxtaposed with the pericope in Matthew about the final judgment. With a literature review approach, this qualitative method interpreted the narrative through several stages. Eudaimonia walks in rhythm with the concept of the final judgment in Matthew 25:31–46. Eudaimonia is about doing virtue as a self-maximizing potential to achieve the ultimate goal of human life, which is judged by reason as a demand of someone’s current situation with the assumption that leads to the truth. Matthew 25:31-46 reveals that the determination of “last judgment” is judged through practical religion by sharing Jesus’ friendship “today” through virtue with those who hunger and thirst for truth. Those who do it will receive the kingdom of God, and those who do not will be thrown into eternal fire.
• Ethnotheology Studies Concerning the Substance of Folk Religion as Local Theology of the Tugutil Ethnic in Halmahera Towards Contextual Ministry

  Institut Agama Kristen Negeri (IAKN) Manado; Mawikere, Marde Christian Stenly; Theology Department, Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Manado; Hura, Sudiria; Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Manado; Bonde, Imbran Batelemba; Hartford International University 77 Sherman Street, Hartford, Connecticut. (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-10-19)

  This article is an ethnotheological study of the substance of Folk Religion as Local Theology of the Tugutil Ethnic in Halmahera Island, North Maluku Province, Indonesia. This study examines and describes the elements of folk religion, namely beliefs about God, humans, sin and salvation as the fundamental beliefs of traditional societies with animism-dynamism patterns. The research was carried out using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The results of this study show that the local theology of the Tugutil ethnicity regarding Jou Ma Dutu as God. He was the creator and owner of the universe; trichotomous human nature o roehe-o gikiri-o gurumini; the human reality that is o baradoha ma nyawa which only causes the instability of the universe and disturbances to the ancestral spirits. Likewise, the concept of salvation they believe in is present and pragmatic, which does not give place to futuristic eternal life. The final result of this study shows that by examining deeply folk religion, the local theology was adopted by the Tugutil ethnic group. It becomes a consideration for implementing sociocultural approaches and contextual ministry, both spiritual and social ministry, for the Tugutil ethnic group as one of the isolated community groups in Indonesia.
• The Significant of God-Fearers for the Formation of Early Christians Identity in Acts 8-10

  Aryanto, Antonius Galih Arga Wiwin; Faculty of theology Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta; Racine, Jean-Francois; Jesuit School of Theology Santa Clara University, CA-USA (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-03-26)

  This study attempts to analyze the critical role of God-fearers in developing the early Christian identity. Luke-Acts uses ethnic reasoning to define the Christian community. They use words such as gentiles, unbelievers and other ethnic group such as Romans, Greeks as outsiders. The race and ethnicity study provides the theory to understand how people from different groups attempt to accept each other and negotiate their differences, such as their cultures, belief, and social relationship. God-fearers have an important role in the early Christian mission because through them. The mission goes out from Jerusalem to the entire Roman Empire. The mission in the diaspora has mixed members, including Jewish Christians and Gentiles. Both groups enter into table fellowship, which develop a distinct Christian identity. 
• The Functional Characterization of Pilate and the Kingship of Jesus in John 18-19

  CHRISTOPHER, DANY; Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Amanat Agung (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-03-26)

  Scholars generally interpret the character of Pilate (John 18-19) in terms of his personality traits. He is seen either as having a strong character or a weak one. This article seeks to understand his character differently, by seeing his function within the narrative of John 18-19. This article argues that John employs Pilate as his narrative medium to ironically and gradually depicts Jesus’s kingship over the Jews as well as showing his kingship as superior to the Roman emperor.
• Pastoral Strategies for the Loneliness Epidemic of the Digital Generation

  Gultom, Joni Manumpak Parulian; Sekolah Tinggi Teologi REAL; Simanjuntak, Fredy; (ID SCOPUS: 57224004555) Sekolah Tinggi Teologi REAL (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-03-20)

  The negative impact of artificial intelligence is the ability of generations without a sense of care for themselves. In the frenzy of technological advances and the massive capabilities of social media, it turns out that there is a dangerous space that this generation often doesn't realize, namely loneliness. Since the discovery of internet technology, lonely sufferers have experienced a spike among digital people. They often feel lonely and seemingly asymptomatic. If pastoral stewardship does not address this problem, the digital generation is bound to feel lonely, depressed, which can lead to suicide. They experience a decreased quality of life despite being in the church and parental care. The question is, what are the causes and effects of this problem of loneliness? What practical steps can shepherds take? And what kind of pastoral strategy is there to tackle the loneliness epidemic ravaging the digital generation? The purpose of this study is [1] to describe the causes and adverse effects of loneliness problems. [2] Describe simply practical steps a shepherd can take in dealing with loneliness. [3] Describe her pastoral and stewardship strategies as a solution to the problem of loneliness among this digital generation. The method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) for journal papers published in 2016-2021. Contribution of this research ; [1] For spiritual practitioners and educators who are directly related to recovery from the loneliness of the digital generation, [2] as a reference for pastoral teams and pastoral candidates in local church stewardship, [3] practical steps for parents in overcoming loneliness problems digital child they experienced.
• Unnalli Melo's Theology and Peace Study on the Concept and Reality of Peace in Toraja Culture

  Sanderan, Rannu; Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Toraja; Ronda, Daniel; Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Jaffray Makassar; Panggarra, Robi; Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray; Buchanan, Andrew; Church Missionary Society of Australia (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-03-26)

  This research aims to examine the reality of peace in Toraja. Conflicts in neighbouring areas have surrounded the last ten years. This type of research is a qualitative approach with ethnography methods. This research aims to look at virtue in Toraja human nature, the environment, oneself, and God or all at once. This research seeks to explain, evaluate, and study the portrait of the encounter of the peaceful reality of Toraja culture with the most significant importance of peace in the Bible. It can be concluded that the unique moral qualities in the minds of the Torajan people can be interpreted as the interconnectivity of values in the cosmic integrity of the Toraja people. The monumental work of translating the Bible into Sura' Madatu became the shaper of a new character. The expression to love the enemy is one of the ultimate values in the teachings of Jesus and shocking many people. The value of peace that is embryonic in the human mind of Toraja is very effective when it is renewed (value) and reconstructed (form) into the concept of shalom. 
• Unnale Melo's Theology and Peace Study on the Concept and Reality of Peace in Toraja Culture

  Sanderan, Rannu; Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Toraja; Ronda, Daniel; Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Jaffray Makassar; Panggarra, Robi; Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray; Buchanan, Andrew; Church Missionary Society of Australia (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-03-26)

  This research aims to examine the reality of peace in Toraja. Conflicts in neighbouring areas have surrounded the last ten years. This type of research is a qualitative approach with ethnography methods. This research aims to look at virtue in Toraja human nature, the environment, oneself, and God or all at once. This research seeks to explain, evaluate, and study the portrait of the encounter of the peaceful reality of Toraja culture with the most significant importance of peace in the Bible. It can be concluded that the unique moral qualities in the minds of the Torajan people can be interpreted as the interconnectivity of values in the cosmic integrity of the Toraja people. The monumental work of translating the Bible into Sura' Madatu became the shaper of a new character. The expression to love the enemy is one of the ultimate values in the teachings of Jesus and shocking many people. The value of peace that is embryonic in the human mind of Toraja is very effective when it is renewed (value) and reconstructed (form) into the concept of shalom. 
• Politics based on a Biblical Perspective and its Implications for the Involvement of Believers in Politics

  STT Trinity; Sihombing, Salomo; Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Theologi Jakarta (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2022-03-26)

  This article aims to analyze a topic that is often the subject of discussion among Christians and theologians in particular. The issue to be explored is politics in the Old Testament as a biblical study. Through this article, we will seriously describe the views of Old Testament experts on politics and then see its relationship with Theopolitics as a critical part offered in the Old Testament. This article will analyze and conclude comprehensively “what it really looks like” the Old Testament looked at politics and tried to relate it in the Indonesian context.
• Rereading of The Sabbath Law (Exodus 20: 8-11) as A Response to Modern Slavery Issue

  Suprandono, Yohanes Rahdianto; Kharisma Theological Seminary; Setio, Robert; Duta Wacana Christian University, Yogyakarta (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2021-10-20)

  This research was motivated by concerns about the problem of modern slavery. The author will interpret Exodus 20:8-11 on the Sabbath to respond to the issue of slavery. The method of interpretation that will be used is deconstruction and social criticism. The use of the social criticism method sees the text as a practice of discourse that is ideologically charged and has specific interests. The text is not neutral but rather is advocating. In the text itself, two social groups conflict with each other. The interpretation of the existing Sabbath is interpreted normatively, legalistically, ritualistically, sociologically, theologically and eschatologically. The results of reinterpreting the Sabbath using a deconstructive method show that the Sabbath has been abolished because every day is interpreted as a forced workday. Forced labour is driven by fear and worry. The Sabbath was forgotten for political and economic motives. The Sabbath was abolished because time was money, so people were traded and enslaved for the sake of making money. The reinterpretation of the Sabbath text with the method of social criticism finds the theological meaning of the Sabbath. The God of the Sabbath is described as the forerunner of the liberation of slavery throughout the ages. God’s Sabbath-keeping people today have a liberation mission to help people who are victims of modern slavery.
• The Effects Of Parenting Style And Adolescent Character On Adolescent Spirituality During The Pandemic

  Susanti, Lidia; Sekolah Tinggi Pendidikan Agama Kristen (STIPAK) Malang; Tarigan, Candra; GBKP Depok Lenteng Agung (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2021-10-15)

  Parenting adolescents during the pandemic is a considerably challenging endeavour. The parenting style of families constitutes a crucial factor in the shaping of adolescent characters and spirituality. Family is primary socialization through which adolescents develop their character and spirituality. Parenting patterns in adolescents have a significant impact on their personality and spirituality. This is evidenced in the love of God. This research employed an ex post facto design. The results revealed that parenting styles families adopted during the pandemic impacted adolescent characters and spirituality. The data analysis showed an interaction between parenting style variables and adolescent characters and the spirituality of Batak adolescents indicated by the R square value of 97.1%.
• The Faith of the Righteous According to Habakkuk 2:4b and Romans 1:17

  Viktorahadi, R. F. Bhanu; Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Bandung (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2021-10-10)

  Habakkuk’s prophecy that the righteous will live by his belief (Hab. 2:4a) resonates in Paul’s letters, especially the text of Roma ns 1:17. This paper describes the authentic meaning of the term ‘believe’ in Habakkuk’s prophecy. Furthermore, this accurate meaning gets a more specific articulation in Paul’s idea of faith. This paper uses the Historical-Critical method and analyzes the text of Habakkuk 2:4b and the text of Rome 1:17. The correlation between these two texts comes to formulate the faith of the righteous in Christianity, namely credibility, justice, firmness, and faithfulness in carrying out the truth based on love, credibility, justice, firmness, and loyalty to fulfil God’s will.
• Learning from The Effective Leadership of Boaz in The Book of Ruth

  Sia, Kok Sin; Sekolah Tinggi Theologi Aletheia, Lawang (Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Jaffray, 2021-09-27)

  This article addresses the study of Boaz's leadership in the book of Ruth by using the leadership concept of Peter G. Northouse. Based on Northouse's concept, I argue that Boaz is an example of an ideal and effective leader who can perform both as an assigned and emergent leader. I also believe the keys to Boaz's leadership's success are based on his character and skills. First, I will define the leadership concept of Peter G. Northouse. Northouse identifies the nature of leadership as an assigned leadership and emergent leadership. He also explains the powers that associate with the types of leadership. An assigned leader has position power, consisting of legitimate, reward, information, and coercive power. On the other hand, personal power is associated with emergent leadership that includes referent and expert power. Second, I will examine Boaz's character in the book of Ruth through the lens of the nature of leadership as an assigned leadership and emergent leadership. I also observe how Boaz performs the many types of power as an assigned leader and an emergent leader. Finally, I will conclude how the leadership of Boaz is. I argue that Boaz is an ideal and effective leader who can perform both as an assigned and emergent leader. I also believe the keys to Boaz's leadership's success are based on his character and skills.

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