Abstract
“全球伦理”的口号首先由德国神学家孔汉思于1990年在《全球责任》一书里提出(注: 见Hans Kung,Global Responsibility,Continu-um,New York,1991.),在国内引起比较强烈的反响。对 很多中国学者而言,“普遍伦理”与“全球伦理”这两个概念是等同的:“普遍伦理”指伦理 规则的普遍性,“全球伦理”则指其应用范围的广泛性。 但是,对于“全球伦理”的提倡者孔汉思而言,“全球伦理”绝不等同于“普遍伦理”。他 在最近出版的关于全球伦理的新书《为了全球政治和经济的全球伦理》中,明确地指出,以为 全球伦理是没有宗教的伦理,那是“对全球伦理计划的根本的误解”。他说,自启蒙运动以 来,“要伦理,不要宗教”,“要伦理教育,不要宗教教育”,已经成为广为流行的口号。他 承认,可以在普遍人性的基础上建立没有宗教的伦理,这样的伦理可以是普遍的。但是,他接 着从以下四个方面阐述了这种“普遍伦理”相对于宗教的局限性:1.“宗教而不是普遍伦理能 够传达一个特殊深度、综合层面的对于正面价值(成功、愉快、幸福等)和负面价值(苦难、 不公正、罪感、无辜等)的理解”;2.“宗教而不是伦理自身能够无条件地保证价值、规则、 动机和理想的正当性,并同时使它们具体”;3.“宗教而不是普遍伦理能够通过共同的仪式和 符号以及共同的历史观和希望前景,创造精神安全、信任和希望的家园”;4.“宗教而不是伦 理能够动员人民抗议和抵抗非正义的条件”(注:Hans Ku-ng,A Global Ethic for Global Politics and Economics,SCM,Londo-n,1997,pp.142~143.)。Date
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