• Controvérsias sobre segurança na mineração: efeitos dos rompimentos de barragens em documentos e debates em Brasil

  Blanco, Gabriela; Almeida, Jalcione (2022)

  This paper examines how the safety and stability of mining dams have been enacted in documents and public debates after the dam failures in Mariana and Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The documents considered here refer to the federal law that created the National Mining Agency (ANM, due to its initials in Portuguese), the Minas Gerais State Policy for Dams Safety and ANM’s Resolutions and Technical Notes, among others. The public debate addresses a community forum that took place in 2019 in Araxá (Minas Gerais). In order to complement and provide background to certain matters that arose during the debate, this paper presents excerpts from three interviews conducted in Araxá, in early 2020, with actors who were directly involved and affected by the mining operations in the municipality. The paper describes three mechanisms that enact dam safety assessment: i) the reliance on the technique; ii) uncertainty over the technique; and iii) that which exceeds the norm and the technique. Although there is an effort to “stabilize dams” that derives from the emphasis on construction methods, the findings of this research indicate that the associations between humans and non-humans raise new questions and uncertainties, shedding light on the formulation of other ways to integrate and conceive science(s) and technique(s) in our society.
• Innovación e innovación social en la producción audiovisual: reflexiones sobre dos estudios de caso

  Borello, José A.; González, Leandro; Quintar, Aida; Martínez, Mariana; Barnes, Carolina (2022)

  By examining the problem of innovation processes within the framework of audio-visual production, this article explores three aspects of the discussion on innovation that have been little studied before. Although these processes have been studied mostly in the context of the manufacturing industry, much less progress has been made in services and cultural industries. In addition, this article studies these processes within the framework of social innovation: that is, activities that are part of the economic system, but are not centrally oriented by profit. We propose to examine, through two cases of audio-visual production, various aspects related to the generation of innovation from two logics that, while underlying the idea of novelty, express it in very different ways. Finally, this article aims to make a methodological contribution to the study of innovation processes, highlighting the potential of case studies.
• Desarrollo de una vacuna veterinaria en contexto semiperiférico: DeltaPgM contra la brucelosis bovina

  Zubeldía, Lautaro; Surtayeva, Sofya (2022)

  The formulation of technology policies is one of the main challenges faced by semi-peripheral countries that are struggling to drive technological change. In this context, vaccines make an attractive market in Latin America, presenting a window of opportunity to generate local developments. As a example, we examine the eventful trajectory of the development of a vaccine for bovine brucellosis in Argentina, showing the institutional limitations and regulatory barriers faced by a semi-peripheral economy in its attempt to develop and position technological and industrial tools in the regional and global market.
• Panorama do ensino de química sob a perspectiva CTSA no cenário brasileiro: uma análise qualitativa a partir do software IRAMUTEQ

  Cantanhede, Severina Coelho da Silva; Rizzatti, Ivanise M.; Cantanhede, Leonardo Baltazar (2022)

  This paper carries out a bibliographic survey with the objective of investigating how the STSE (science, technology, society and environment) guidelines are incorporated into chemistry teaching in Brazil. It is based on the summary of the works published in different sources of information (such as periodicals, annals of meetings and the catalogue of theses and dissertations of CAPES) between 2009 and 2019. The selected texts were analyzed qualitatively through the software IRAMUTEQ, based on correspondence factor analysis (CFA), descending hierarchical classification (DHC), and similitude analysis and word cloud. Over the years researched, of 22,238 works, 416 show a relationship between STSE guidelines and chemistry teaching. The processing of the textual corpus, formed by 28 texts, was carried out in 33 seconds, generating a total of 1,675 text segments (TS), of which 91.70% (1,536) was used. The analysis generated the formation of five distinct classes, allowing us to identify that the STSE guidelines are incorporated into chemistry teaching prioritizing contextualization from the approach of social issues, mainly in basic education, and seeking to promote a training that involves related aspects about the nature of science and technology and its role in the social environment.
• O sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UaB): democratização neoliberal no campo educacional

  Oliveira, Luciana Charão de; Santos, Adriana Cristina Omena dos (2022)

  This article presents a research about the Open University System of Brazil (UAB, due to its initials in Portuguese) and the "democratization" in distance learning. It discusses the UAB System, understood as a public policy in the educational field created by the Lula Administration (2003-2010) and characterized as a program that aims to expand vacancies in higher education through a partnership between the Union, States and municipalities. The evaluation starts from the thesis that this public policy is configured as being of neoliberal bias and a continuity of the reforms implemented in the Cardoso Administration (1995-2002), despite the social role attributed to Lula’s public policies. In addition, its configuration as a public policy is questioned, as it is not included in the regular funding regulation of the Ministry of Education (MEC) and, thus, has been adjusted as a program according to the demands of different governments over the years. Through a descriptive and documentary research, and the use of the dialectical method, this article highlights some actions related to distance education and the UAB System that have shown signs of interruption of its progress due to cuts in the educational budget.
• Gobernanza y autonomía relativa en el Sistema Público de Investigación de la Argentina. Los cambios en la carrera de investigador científico y tecnológico del CONICET (1961-2003)

  Svampa, Fernando; Aguiar, Diego (2022)

  This paper aims at discussing the changes in the relative autonomy of the technological and scientific researcher career (CIC, due to its initials in Spanish) of the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET, due to its initials in Spanish), from its creation in 1961 to 2003. In what way did the Argentine changes in governance within CONICET influence the relative autonomy of the scientific and technological researcher career between 1961 and 2003? This paper hypothesizes that the different governance schemes that have passed through CONICET since 1973 did not question the contents of Law 20,464 / 73 and tended to consolidate a CIC unrelated to universities. Firstly, the theoretical frameworks and concepts used during the investigation will be analyzed. Secondly, we will address different governance schemes that passed through CONICET and impacted on the logic of its scientific promotion instruments. Thirdly, the relationship between governance and relative autonomy of the CIC between 1961 and 2003 will be explored. To do all this, we will rely on official documents and interviews with key informants.
• Evolución de la I+D en una gran empresa argentina (ALUAR 1974-2007): de la construcción de conocimientos y capacidades innovativas a la vigilancia tecnológica y el control de calidad

  Corvalán Carro, María Noelia; Niembro, Andrés (2022)

  This article analyzes ALUAR’s techno-productive and research and development (R&D) strategies between 1974 and 2007, from the perspective of the evolutionary economics of technical change and the approach of micro-macro interactions. It contributes to the understanding of the evolution of technological capabilities in large local companies of a peripheral country with high political and economic instability such as Argentina. Micro-macro interactions explain some defensive responses in contexts of crisis and, in others, the exploitation of opportunities or the deployment of offensive actions, such as the increase of productive capacity, vertical integration or the development of new products, markets and improved processes. At the same time, there is evidence of an evolution of technological strategies (and of the R&D structure), from the generation of endogenous knowledge and capabilities for a nascent industry in Argentina, to technological surveillance and assistance for certification and quality control in later stages. ALUAR is also a reflection of the chiaroscuros of productive policies in Argentina, where the State, as a promoter of a few sectors and elite firms, coexists with the industrial disarticulation and regressivity of the period analyzed.
• Observatórios de CT&I: conceitos, serviços,indicadores e fontes de informação

  Macedo, Diego José; Maricato, João de Melo (2022)

  Observatories can be found in different contexts, with an emphasis on those interested in monitoring science, technology and innovation (STI). However, there is a lack of studies of their purposes, features and how they are being organized. This paper aims to verify how STI observatories are structured in the digital landscape. It presents structural characteristics of observatories, investigates the concepts from theoretical analysis and empirical uses, and raises its sources of information, services and indicators. Its methodology offers a qualitative and descriptive approach that analyses the content resulted from a study of five STI observatories. The data shows that the concept around observatories is aligned with the monitoring of STI through indicators; that the main sources of information used by observatories are secondary, coming from national and international bodies and databases; that services range from studies of policies and strategies in STI to the systematization of indicators; and that there is a production and availability of various indicators, both input and output, including financial and human resources, bibliometric, context, patents, innovation, scientific culture and gender parity. Mapping these elements could contribute to the understanding, planning and construction of new STI observatories.
• Los ojos de los pilotos bombarderos. Microscopía electrónica en Argentinay las fuerzas aéreas estadounidenses

  Rieznik, Marina (2022)

  This article aims to analyze the role of the U.S. Air Force in a research team at the Institute of General Anatomy and Embryology of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). The analysis of new sources reveals the reason behind the interest of the foreign Air Forces in an Argentine research in the field known today as neurosciences. This article is focused on the years between 1957 and 1965. It begins with the introduction of an electron microscope in the Argentine laboratory, announced as the first in the country, and ends when the last collaboration with the U.S. military institution is registered. The analysis goes beyond the period to track the background of the research team in the 1940s. It also focuses on a document from 1971 in which Argentine scientists Eduardo De Robertis and Rolando García debate about the problems involved in the acceptance of foreign private funds to develop national science. In this manner, the author of this article expects to contribute to the understanding of the veil that was drawn over the contribution of funds from this foreign institution in the Argentine public sphere.
• Engenharias engajadas: o caso da Enactus Brasil

  Alvear, Celso Alexandre Souza de; Cruz, Cristiano Cordeiro; Silva, Mariana; Paschoal, Aristides (2022)

  Enactus is a program aimed at training university students in social entrepreneurship that is relatively widespread in Brazil. Due to some of its main characteristics -attendees mostly from engineering; assistance to marginalized groups; search for overcoming social-environmental problems-, Enactus can be considered a type of engaged engineering. In this paper, once Enactus is presented, we will seek to show where it is located in the wide specter of engaged engineering and to analyze it critically concerning four main aspects: understanding of technology and engineering; intended impact of its actions; intervention methodologies; and worldview. Based on such analysis, we understand that Enactus' general action is linked to what we define as engineering for social entrepreneurship, characterized by comprehending technology as neutral, fostering liberal inclusion through market, and using methodologies based on knowledge transfer.
• Por uma ciência cidadã, aberta e plurilíngue

  Laborinho, Ana Paula (2022)
• Del CTSA educativo a la ambientalización del contenido y la formación ciudadana ambiental

  Parga Lozano, Diana Lineth (2022)

  This article reviews the contributions of the STSE approach to science education from five aspects. Firstly, it describes the approach from scientific literacy in the traditional vision, in the one centered on the utility of science and in the emancipatory vision. Secondly, it analyzes the STS approach in interaction with the environment; this is proposed as a response to the crisis in the relationships between society, environment, science and technology; it establishes the content evolution in the teaching of chemistry and environmental and sustainable education. Thirdly, it compares the STSE approach with socio-scientific issues (SSI) and socially acute questions (SAQ) from the point of view of chemistry education. Fourthly, it explains the approximation of two types of education, scientific and environmental education, through curricular environmentalization, as it considers the approaches linked to STSE, STS and SAQ. Fifthly, it shows how the STSE approach favors citizenship education, scientific citizenship, and environmental citizenship for a holistic and complex transformation of science education. These five aspects demonstrate that the STS/STSE approaches have allowed the modification of traditional content in science education for a more contextualized content, in order to train subjects to respond to current challenges, especially those connected with the socio-environmental crisis.
• CTS en la educación en ingeniería: aportes de la Red de Ingeniería, Tecnología y Sociedad

  Jiménez Becerra, Javier Andrés; Rojas Álvarez, Jorge (2022)

  Based on the teaching experience of the Engineering, Technology and Society Network, this paper analyzes the contributions made by STS studies to engineering education. This network offers educational perspectives for engineering students in their first semesters of higher education and has added recently a graduate education approach. This article describes how STS scholarship contributed a comprehensive view of technology, interdisciplinarity and development of critical thinking. Finally, it reviews STS education through active teaching and design in context, and describes the emergence of a graduate certificate program under an engineering, technology and society approach. This program combines engineering, social participation, technological assessment and STS thinking.Keywords
• La naturaleza de la ciencia en las metas de aprendizaje de las sucesivas reformas curriculares en España: un análisis desde la tradición CTS

  García Carmona, Antonio (2022)

  This article analyzes the educational weight of the understanding of nature of science (NOS) in the successive curricular reforms for basic science education in Spain. The analysis is limited to the four educational provisions of the last 30 years in this country. Through a qualitative content analysis method, and taking as a theoretical reference the understanding of NOS from the science-technology-society (STS) tradition, the official curricular proposals for the areas or subjects of school science corresponding to Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE, 12-16 years old) are analyzed. The results of the analysis show that, although overall there has been some evolution in the attention paid to NOS, in the proposals of assessable learnings for school science, this is quite discreet and with a very small weight if compared with other content of the curriculum. The positive data is that the Spanish curricular prescriptions, within that scarcity, give more weight to the non-epistemic than to the epistemic features of NOS. As a conclusion, NOS has been (and is) conceived as a second-order content with little educational importance in the official prescriptions for basic science education in Spain.
• FACTS: uma ferramenta CTS para avaliação de processos e produtos na educação científica

  Freitas, Denise de; dos Santos, Mariana; Pierson, Alice Helena Campos; Calafell Subirá, Genina (2022)

  This article presents FACTS, an STS tool that aims to evaluate practices, teaching materials and educational processes in basic education and science teacher training, based on a critical and reflective scientific education perspective. This tool is the result of an investigation supported by the frameworks of STSE studies and the Complexity Paradigm, and its design is based on the Delphi Method. This study had the participation of 37 researchers in the area of science education from Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia) and Europe (Portugal and Spain). The group contributed essential aspects to favor a critical scientific education and characterize it in relation to its assumptions, problems, contributions and challenges. Based on their positions, it was possible to build an evaluation instrument that allows to make diagnoses and more appropriate decisions in the teaching and learning of science. The FACTS rubric format allows to evaluate science education programs using qualitative or quantitative descriptors. It is intended to analyze and guide critical science education in the context of policies and educational programs.
• Ideas de futuros profesores de secundaria sobre la naturaleza de la ciencia para la elaboración de criterios formativos en este ámbito

  Vicente Martorell, Juan José; Jiménez Tenorio, Natalia; Oliva Martínez, José María (2022)

  This paper studies the views about the nature of science (NOS) sustained by science graduates who carry out the master in secondary education at the University of Cádiz, in the fields of physics and chemistry and biology and geology. The open-ended questionnaire that was used to collect information included questions referring to both epistemic aspects and aspects related to the sociology of science. This study belongs to the diagnostic phase for the design and implementation of a teaching-learning sequence research on NOS. The results, coincident with those of other studies, show that teachers in training have uninformed views about the epistemic aspects of NOS and more varied and complex views about its sociological aspects. Significant differences were not found according to gender, although significant differences were obtained in certain aspects according to the special fields carried out by the students (physics and chemistry vs. biology and geology).
• Orientações ciência, tecnologia e sociedade (CTS) e pensamento crítico no ensino de ciências: compreensões tecidas a partir do mapeamento de pesquisas brasileiras

  Oliveira, Rosilene; Duarte, Bruna Marques; Kiouranis, Neide Maria Michellan; Gomes, Luciano Carvalhais (2022)

  This paper describes the results of a bibliographic research that explores master’s and doctoral studies that articulate STS orientation to the assumptions of critical thinking (CT) in science education, published in two Brazilian repositories: the National Library of Theses and Dissertations and the database of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), until June 2022. The search was guided by the question: “What characteristics arise from national research that relate STS to CT?”, and resulted in a total of five papers organized into axes based on the reflective analysis carried out. We concluded that the scientific production in this articulation is still embryonic, although we also verified the use of different instruments for the constitution of empirical material, as well as applications involving different contexts: high school classes, technical courses, initial and continuing teacher training. Moreover, there was evidence in the works of the need for the development of CT both in the pedagogical performance and in the elaboration of materials.
• Educación alimentaria con enfoque CTS en Argentina

  Lampert, Damián; Porro, Silvia (2022)

  This article presents a reflection on food education in the curricular designs of high schools in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It also analyzes the importance of food education with an STS approach today and its misconception as nutritional education. Likewise, a taxonomy is presented to work on the subject of food in the classrooms under the STS approach, based on six domains that include environmental and gender aspects.
• Mecanismos cooperativos en la implementación de políticas de ciencia y tecnología: un análisis del LENERSE desde los sistemas asociativos complejos

  Giraldo Palacio, María Elena; Zarate, Ezequiel (2022)

  This article analyzes the Southeast Renewable Energy Laboratory (LENERSE, due to its initials in Spanish), a pioneer initiative in scientific research on this topic, based on a collaborative structure. It inquires about the conditions that have allowed this laboratory to generate cooperative mechanisms to fulfill its main purpose as an instrument of regional scientific and technological policy. The theoretical framework is that of complex associative systems, a governance approach focused on understanding the associative efforts among actors linked around a common purpose. The research methodology was qualitative and based on a case study. It was found that, although there are shared objectives and exchanges that have kept the network integrated, there are also tensions derived from the lack of leadership and representation, heterogeneity among members and the pressure imposed by traditional and technocentric scientific evaluation mechanisms. For the stakeholders, remarkable results have been achieved, related to the generation of scientific and technological supply capacities in renewable energies. However, there are important challenges to broaden the social and political participation of the laboratory in the regional processes of energy transition.
• Las ciencias humanas y sociales en la articulación ciencia-tecnología-sociedad: pasado y futuro

  Castro Martínez, Elena (2022)

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