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Kyrgyz Republic : Poverty Assessment, Volume 2. Labor Market Dimensions of PovertyThis report, which has been prepared by
 the World Bank in cooperation with the National Statistical
 Committee, provides an assessment of poverty in the Kyrgyz
 Republic using the most recent data available. The objective
 of this report is to understand to what extent economic
 growth has reduced poverty and led to improved living
 conditions for the population during 2000-2005. The report
 also attempts to answer three questions about the Kyrgyz
 Republic: what is the profile of poor? How has economic
 growth affected the level and composition of poverty? How
 has the labor market contributed to changes in poverty? The
 report is divided into two volumes. The first volume begins
 with this chapter which provides an international comparison
 of social and other key indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic
 followed by a profile of the poor based upon 2005 household
 survey data. The second chapter analyzes the linkages
 between growth and poverty during 2000-2005. The third
 chapter provides our key findings of labor market outcomes
 and poverty and what the implications are for policy making.
 The final chapter synthesizes the information from the
 earlier chapters and provides some policy directions. The
 second volume provides a more thorough analysis of labor
 markets. It covers developments in the labor market, urban
 labor markets, rural labor markets and differences between
 men and women in the labor market.
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Making Work Pay in Madagascar : Employment, Growth, and Poverty ReductionThere is little doubt that economic growth contributes significantly to poverty reduction; however, countries clearly differ in the degree to which income growth translates into reduced levels of poverty. Although cross-country estimates suggest that differences in the responsiveness of poverty to income growth account for a small fraction of overall differences in poverty changes across countries, from the point of view of an individual country these differences may have significant implications for poverty reduction, especially in the short term. The report is structured into eight chapters, beginning with this introduction. Chapter two describes the data and the main definitions used in this report. Chapter three provides the socioeconomic context of the study, with a particular emphasis on growth, poverty, and labor market characteristics. Chapter four takes a look at the linkages between macro and microeconomic data by reviewing the ways in which changes in aggregate and sectoral labor productivity translate into individual earnings as gathered from the household surveys. Chapter five also reviews the relationships between productivity and earnings by looking at the linkages between changes in aggregate and sectoral labor productivity data (macro) and changes in individual earnings as gathered from the household surveys (micro). Chapter six examines the origins and determining factors of household earnings and employment and assesses their impact on poverty and poverty reduction. Chapter seven analyzes the individual and household characteristics that are associated with having either 'good' jobs or 'bad' jobs and reviews the question of whether there may be barriers preventing the movement of workers from bad to good labor market segments. Finally, chapter eight describes the main conclusions of this report and provides suggestions for future work based on these conclusions.
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Poverty Decline, Agricultural Wages, and Non-Farm Employment in Rural India 1983–2004The authors analyze five rounds of
 National Sample Survey data covering 1983, 1987/8, 1993/4,
 1999/0, and 2004/5 to explore the relationship between rural
 diversification and poverty. Poverty in rural India declined
 at a modest rate during this period. The authors provide
 region-level estimates that illustrate considerable
 geographic heterogeneity in this progress. Poverty estimates
 correlate well with region-level data on changes in
 agricultural wage rates. Agricultural labor remains the
 preserve of the uneducated and also to a large extent of the
 scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Although agricultural
 labor grew as a share of total economic activity over the
 first four rounds, it had fallen back to the levels observed
 at the beginning of the survey period by 2004. This
 all-India trajectory masks widely varying trends across
 states. During this period, the rural non-farm sector grew
 modestly, mainly between the last two survey rounds. Regular
 non-farm employment remains largely associated with
 education levels and social status that are rare among the
 poor. However, casual labor and self-employment in the
 non-farm sector reveal greater involvement by disadvantaged
 groups in 2004 than in the preceding rounds. The implication
 for poverty is not immediately clear - the poor may be
 pushed into low-return casual non-farm activities due to
 lack of opportunities in the agricultural sector rather than
 being pulled by high returns offered by the non-farm sector.
 Econometric estimates reveal that expansion of the non-farm
 sector is associated with falling poverty via two routes: a
 direct impact on poverty that is likely due to a pro-poor
 marginal incidence of non-farm employment expansion; and an
 indirect impact attributable to the positive effect of
 non-farm employment growth on agricultural wages. The
 analysis also confirms the important contribution to rural
 poverty reduction from agricultural productivity,
 availability of land, and consumption levels in proximate
 urban areas.