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Republic of Moldova Forest Policy NoteThis forest policy note (FPN) offers an outside view of the Moldovan forestry sector, provides some strategic guidance to help define sector goals, and identifies opportunities for consideration in the continued development of the sector and for the implementation of the Moldova and World Bank (WB) country partnership strategy (CPS). This study is based on a number of short visits to Moldova and on a number of background studies undertaken during the implementation of both phases of the European neighborhood and partnership instrument (ENPI) east countries, forest law enforcement and governance (FLEG) program. The WB CPS for Moldova recognizes that the forestry sector plays an important role for competitiveness and climate change but has not received the attention it deserves. This FPN builds on previous work within the forestry sector. It aims to inform the WB project formulation process and the forestry sector by reviewing the sector and highlighting the main policy issues and identifying possible actions.
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Forests Sourcebook : Practical Guidance for Sustaining Forests in Development CooperationThe Forests Sourcebook is divided into two parts. The first contains an introduction to the book plus seven chapters covering topics associated with enhancing the contribution of forests to poverty reduction, engaging the private sector, meeting the growing demand for forest products, optimizing forest functions at the landscape level, improving forest governance, mainstreaming forest considerations into macro policy dialogue, and monitoring forest sector activities. Each chapter provides relevant background and context with a general overview of the fundamental issues, constraints, policies, and institutional requirements that need to be considered for specific topics. The second part provides guidance for implementing the World Bank's safeguard on forests. This section of the Forests Sourcebook has five chapters. Chapter eighth provides a brief introduction to the World Bank's Forests Policy (OP 4.36). Chapter ninth is on applying OP 4.36. This chapter includes a discussion of the main requirements of OP 4.36, guidelines for implementation (including preparation, appraisal, and supervision requirements), definitions, and guidance on identifying critical forests and critical natural habitats through environmental assessment, which includes a discussion on protecting forests through conservation offsets. Chapter tenth is on consultation and communication in forest projects. Chapters eleventh and twelfth discuss the Forest Certification Assessment Guide and the World Bank's Indigenous Peoples policy, respectively.
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China Forest Policy : Deepening the Transition, Broadening the RelationshipA pattern of forest area loss followed by a period of reforestation is representative of the forest transition process. Forest transition has been observed in many countries and is a feature of the development process. China reached its inflection point earlier and faster than most other countries that have gone through the transition. The report describes the success of reforms to forest resource tenure in collective forest areas. These reforms, which collectively amount to the largest transfer of forest assets in history, have effectively extended forest ownership to a million, mostly poor, rural households. These reforms have increased forest-based incomes, have increased timber harvests, and have done so sustainably by virtue of increasing planting and forest management and resource protection effort. The World Bank work in China's forestry sector has been successful. However, the developments discussed in this report raise new opportunities and challenges. It is no longer clear, for example, that World Bank loans are especially important in relation to the financing of commercial plantations. While the Bank has begun to move its plantation financing to public goods, or ecological plantings, these are other opportunities. This report brings together findings from Bank-supported studies with experience gleaned from Bank support of over $1 billion in forestry projects. Chapter one introduces the contents and approach of the report. Chapter two summarizes key data and information of China's forest sector and resources. Chapter three presents findings on collective forest tenure reform and chapter four, potential forest supply. Chapter five concludes with findings to clarify choices and options available to the World Bank and China for moving ahead in forestry.