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Students Today, Teachers Tomorrow? Identifying Constraints on the Provision of EducationWith an estimated 115 million children
 not attending primary school in the developing world,
 increasing access to education is critical. Resource
 constraints limit the effectiveness of demand-based
 subsidies. This paper focuses on the importance of a
 supply-side factor -- the availability of low-cost teachers
 -- and the resulting ability of the market to offer
 affordable education. The authors first show that private
 schools are three times more likely to emerge in villages
 with government girls' secondary schools (GSS).
 Identification is obtained by using official school
 construction guidelines as an instrument for the presence of
 GSS. In contrast, there is little or no relationship between
 the presence of a private school and girls' primary or
 boys' primary and secondary government schools. In
 support of a supply-channel, the authors then show that, for
 villages that received a GSS, there are over twice as many
 educated women and that private school teachers' wages
 are 27 percent lower in these villages. In an environment
 with poor female education and low mobility, GSS
 substantially increase the local supply of skilled women
 lowering wages locally and allowing the market to offer
 affordable education. These findings highlight the prominent
 role of women as teachers in facilitating educational access
 and resonate with similar historical evidence from developed
 economies. The students of today are the teachers of tomorrow.
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Private Non-State Sector Engagement in the Provision of Educational Services at the Primary and Secondary Levels in South Asia : An Analytical Review of Its Role in School Enrollment and Student AchievementPrivate (non-state) sector engagement in
 the provision of educational services at the primary and
 secondary levels in South Asia has recently undergone
 remarkable growth. This type of education comes in various
 forms, such as schools financed and managed by the private
 sector, schools financed by the government and managed by
 the private sector, private school vouchers, and tutoring
 outside the classroom. According to recent household survey
 data, almost one-third of school-goers aged 6 to 18 years in
 South Asia go to private schools, with a high concentration
 in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Data for India,
 Nepal, and Pakistan show that on average, private schools
 perform at least as well as government schools on student
 test scores, after controlling for socioeconomic factors,
 and they do so at significantly lower costs to society.
 However, student achievement varies greatly across schools
 of each type, with many weak private schools as well as
 strong government schools. Substantial, albeit indirect,
 evidence points to teacher behavior and accountability as an
 important driver of the effectiveness of private schools. In
 the long run, however, many factors may play important roles
 in sustaining the private sector's advantage. Another
 risk is that overall poor quality in a large government
 sector may set a low benchmark for the private sector. The
 findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of government
 regulations for private schools, given weak institutional
 capacity. Public-private partnerships with effective
 accountability mechanisms could leverage both equity and
 efficiency. Finally, it appears important to understand and
 customize teaching to the child's individual level.
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Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa : Appendix 4 - Costs and Financing of Secondary Education in Ghana, A Situational AnalysisThis thematic study discusses strategies for sustainable financing of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa. The report provides insight into options for financing the expansion of secondary education and training in Africa. This comes with a hefty price tag and points to the need to undertake fundamental reforms swiftly. This publication messages are clear: secondary education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa faces the challenge of improved efficiency and improved quality simultaneously with a fast growing demand. Sustainable financing will also require more effective public-private partnerships, because governments have many priorities and do not have a lot of room for significant additional public funding of post-primary systems. Educational reforms are needed to expand enrollment in secondary schooling in affordable ways. These reforms will contribute to poverty reduction by increasing the levels of knowledge, skills, and capability; diminishing inequalities in access that limit social mobility and skew income distribution; and contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that relate to education.