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Addressing China's Water Scarcity : Recommendations for Selected Water Resource Management IssuesThis report reviews China's water scarcity situation, assesses the policy and institutional requirements for addressing it, and recommends key areas for strengthening and reform. It is a synthesis of the main findings and recommendations from analytical work and case studies prepared under the World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) program entitled 'Addressing China's Water Scarcity: from Analysis to Action.' These studies focus on several strategically important thematic areas for China where additional research was needed, as identified by the research team and advisory group based on a review of pressing issues. These areas are governance, water rights, pricing, ecological compensation, pollution control, and emergency response. The approach has been to evaluate Chinese and international experience to identify policy and institutional factors that have proven effective in promoting the adoption of water conservation and pollution reduction technologies. The research was based on literature reviews, qualitative and quantitative policy analyses, household surveys, field trips, and case studies to develop feasible recommendations for a plan of action based on realities on the ground.
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China : Country Water Resources Assistance StrategyChina has very serious water problems
 despite substantial economic development achievements,
 strong technical expertise, and political stability. But in
 terms of its potential and the critical pressing needs for
 water resources management, China could do much better in
 managing its water resources. The World Bank's
 assistance to China in water resources development and
 management in the past has tended to be reactive and
 downstream in the project cycle. However, this approach has
 significantly limited the potential benefits of Bank
 assistance to China which a more upstream approach, based on
 a strategic partnership, could provide. The overall
 strategic objective is to improve water resources
 management. This strategy paper identifies China's
 principal water resource challenges, what China is already
 doing, and how the Bank can assist in the future. The large
 size of the Bank's water portfolio and the urgency of
 the problems, demand a strategic framework for the
 Bank's support to China. In 2002, the Bank and the
 Chinese Government are cooperating on the evaluation of the
 last, and preparation of the new, country assistance
 strategy. In October 2002, China promulgated a new water
 law, has recently prepared a new five-year plan, and is
 updating the master plans for the major river basins. The
 Bank hopes it can assist China in improving its water
 resources management, and accelerate implementation of
 reforms through a shared Country Water Resources Assistance
 Strategy (CWRAS).
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Grow in Concert with Nature : Sustaining East Asia's Water Resources through Green Water DefenseAs countries develop, the demand for water increases while water supply becomes less certain and is often not enough to meet demand. In general, pressures from both environment and human activities can increase the likelihood of water scarcity. Such pressures include increased socio-economic development and population growth, change in people's diets, competition for available water among different user sectors and growing climate variability. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the existing demand and supply stresses, particularly when more frequent and extreme droughts and floods, as well as rising sea level are becoming more evident. In temperate, sub-temperate regions, less rainfall and longer dry seasons are expected. In tropical areas, rainfall is predicted to be similar or greater in terms of annual average volumes, more intense and severe storms and seasonal droughts (IPCC, 2007). These pressures will test the effectiveness of water resource management systems in providing a consistent and secure water supply for all users, with minimum externalities. This study will assess advances in management practices, institutional and technological innovations for managing water scarcity sustainably under a changing climate. This study of 'sustaining East Asia's water resources through Green Water Defense (GWD) is a sub-study of the 'towards GWD in East Asia' study and is complemented by another sub-study 'green water defense for flood risk management in East Asia' that focuses on flood management in delta regions.