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Indonesia - Kemiskinan perkotaan dan ulasan programThis policy note provides a summary of extensive analysis carried out on urban poverty in Indonesia today and a review of main urban poverty programs, with the objective of providing the basis for an urban poverty reduction strategy. A second policy note, 'Indonesia: evaluation of the urban Community-Driven Development, or CDD program, Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM)' summarizes a more detailed process evaluation that was carried out of this important program in parallel to the urban poverty analysis and program review. The PNPM-Urban evaluation covers issues related to internal efficiency, distills lessons learned, and identifies options for improving program effectiveness. The two pieces together provide context for the review of existing programs and strategic directions for addressing urban poverty, as well as more specific operational recom-mendations for enhancing impact of the PNPM-Urban Program. Section one includes this introduction and the analytical approach of the study, section two covers the analysis of poverty trends and characteristics, section three includes the review urban poverty programs and benefit incidence analysis, and section four discusses policy implications for urban poverty reduction.
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Perspectives on Poverty in India :
 Stylized Facts from Survey DataThis report's objective is to
 develop the evidence base for policy making in relation to
 poverty reduction. It produces a diagnosis of the broad
 nature of the poverty problem and its trends in India,
 focusing on both consumption poverty and human development
 outcomes. It also includes attention in greater depth to
 three pathways important to inclusive growth and poverty
 reduction harnessing the potential of urban growth to
 stimulate rural-based poverty reduction, rural
 diversification away from agriculture, and tackling social
 exclusion. This report shows that urban growth, which has
 increasingly outpaced growth in rural areas, has helped to
 reduce poverty for urban residents directly. In addition,
 evidence appears of a much stronger link from urban economic
 growth to rural poverty reduction. Stronger links with rural
 poverty are due to a more integrated economy. Urban areas
 are a demand hub for rural producers, as well as a source of
 employment for the rural labor force. They are aiding the
 transformation of the rural economy out of agriculture. In
 urban areas, it is small and medium-size towns, rather than
 large cities, that appear to demonstrate the strongest
 urban-rural growth links. Urban growth also stimulates
 rural-urban migration. But although some increase in such
 migration has occurred over time, migration levels in India
 remain relatively low compared to other countries.
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Repbulic of Chad Poverty Notes : Dynamics of Poverty and Inequality following the Rise of the Oil SectorChad's chronically unstable
 security situation has long undermined broad-based economic
 growth and sustainable poverty reduction. Since independence
 in 1960 Chad has suffered from sporadic political violence
 and ongoing tensions between different factions. The
 country's fragile security has been further compromised
 by interference from neighboring states and spillover
 effects from regional conflicts. However, after rebel
 attacks in 2008 and 2009, and following the recent
 conclusion of a peace agreement between Chad and Sudan, the
 security situation in the country has remained relatively
 calm, presenting a valuable window of opportunity for
 development efforts to take root. The objective of this
 Poverty Note is to examine changes in poverty and inequality
 in Chad since the emergence of the oil sector. It will focus
 on the evolution of poverty indicators from the 2003 pre-oil
 baseline captured in the Chadian Household Consumption and
 Informal Sector Survey, or ECOSIT2 to the more recent
 findings of the 2011 ECOSIT3 and compare current monetary
 and nonmonetary poverty conditions in Chad with those of
 comparable countries. It will go on to assess the impact of
 oil production on the non-oil sectors of the Chadian
 economy. Finally, it will evaluate the extent to which
 public expenditures in the social sectors benefit the poor
 by analyzing the progressivity of social spending.