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Gender Disparities in Africa's Labor MarketThe main aim of this book is to help fill the gap in current knowledge about the nature, the extent, and some of the root causes of gender disparities in Africa, showing what can be revealed about the application of standard and less standard tools and methods to existing survey and national account data. The analysis herein is novel in providing in-depth assessments of some of the sources of gender disparities in different labor market outcomes. A part of the book provides results on the basis that data are as comparable as possible for 18 countries. These results were extracted from multi-topic, integrated household surveys conducted in Africa around 2000 and thus may not represent the latest trends, but they have the merit to be comparable. The cross-national perspective provides a benchmark against which other results for individual countries and more recent data presented here may be compared. Additional goals are to demonstrate the possibilities, as well as the challenges, of analysis of gender inequality in labor market outcomes with existing survey data, to support the improvement of data collection, and to stimulate further research on gender disparities in Africa. The book touches on policy issues at various points, although it is not principally a book about using policy to reduce gender inequality. Rather, it aims to provide analysis that is relevant to policy design.
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India : Women, Work and EmploymentSince economic liberalization in the
 early 1990s, India has experienced high economic growth and
 made considerable progress in gender equality in areas such
 as primary education. However, it fared poorly on
 gender-parity in labor force participation (LFP). During the
 period between 1993-94 and 2011-12, female labor force
 participation rate (LFPR) remained consistently low as
 compared to male participation. More alarming is the fact
 that female participation rate declined steadily during the
 same period, particularly in rural areas. The low level
 along with declining trend in rural female LFP poses a
 serious threat of 'missing gender' in the labor
 force. Although economic growth added jobs for both men and
 women in India till 2005, Indian women lost jobs in the next
 seven years, while men continued to gain, thereby widening
 the gender gap. The actual figures in 2012 suggest that
 approximately 35 to 40 million women are 'missing'
 from the labor force, had female LFP grown at the same rate
 as it had between 1999 and 2005.1 This represents a
 troubling trend considering the potential of these women to
 contribute to the country's productivity. To better
 understand the existing situation, this report investigates
 gender and female labor force dynamics by drawing mostly on
 data from five rounds of the National Sample Survey, India,
 between 1993-94 and 2011-12. Key findings from the study are
 grouped below in three sections. First section describes the
 dynamics of female LFP looking at its evolution in previous
 two decades. The next section presents the drivers of low
 level of female participation and its declining trend. The
 last section proposes possible areas of action.
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Gender Aspects of the Trade and Poverty Nexus : A Macro-Micro ApproachThis report is on the findings of a major international research project examining the links between trade, gender, and poverty. Trade liberalization can create economic opportunities, but women and men cannot take advantage of these opportunities on an equal basis. Women and men differ in their endowments, control over resources, access to labor markets, and their roles within the household. It may seem obvious that gender differences play an important role in transmitting the effects of trade expansion to poverty, especially in less developed countries, where gender inequality is usually more pronounced. Although the literature includes numerous analyses on the links between trade and poverty and between gender inequality and poverty, it seems not to have combined these two sets of studies in a consistent empirical framework. The main objective for the research project documented in this book was to fill, at least in part, this gap in the literature. This report describes the simplest conceptual framework that can be used to analyze the linkages between trade and poverty through gender. It includes two parts. The first, based on standard international trade models, considers the linkages between trade and gender. The second, based mainly on the microeconomic models of household behavior, deals with the linkages between gender and poverty.