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TRACE Model in Pilot Cities in Latin AmericaThis report, supported by the energy sector management assistance program (ESMAP), applies the tool for the rapid assessment of city energy (TRACE) to examine energy use in León, México. This study is one of three requested and conducted in 2013 by the World Bank Latin America and the Caribbean energy unit to begin a dialogue on energy efficiency (EE) potential in Latin America and Caribbean cities. In Puebla and León, TRACE helped the Mexican Secretary of Energy (SENER) develop an urban EE strategy. TRACE is a simple, practical tool for making rapid assessments of municipal energy use. It helps prioritize sectors that have the potential to save significant amounts of energy and identifies appropriate EE measures in six sectors - transport, municipal buildings, wastewater, streetlights, solid waste, and power and heat. Globally, the six are often managed by the cities which have substantial influence over public utility services. The study looked at six areas to determine the three that have the greatest savings potential and where the city has a significant degree of control: streetlights, solid waste, and municipal buildings.
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Cote d’Ivoire Urbanization ReviewWell-managed urbanization can accelerate Cote d’Ivoire’s ascendance to middle incomes. Such a large gap in gross national income (GNI) per capita means that the underlining economic drivers of urbanization are not being fully harnessed in Cote d’Ivoire. Small cities at low urbanization level facilitate internal scale economies, such as hosting a large firm transforming local agricultural products. Secondary cities at intermediate urbanization level facilitate localization economies by enabling linkages between firms operating in the same sector. Large cities at advanced urbanization level facilitate urbanization economies through a diverse economic base nurturing innovation. Drawing on the findings of the World Development Report 2009 applied to the Ivorian context, the authors identify three types of cities in the country: global connector cities generating urbanization economies needed for innovation, increasing return to scale activities, and global competitiveness; regional connector cities generating localization economies needed for efficient regional trade and transport; and domestic connector cities generating internal scale economies needed to unleash the agricultural potential of regions. Cote d’Ivoire’s small cities and market towns can be anchors generating scale economies for agribusiness. While southwest regions strongly contribute to the production and export of cash crops, savanna areas can help scale up food and cereal production to supply urban centers domestically and regionally.
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Mexico - Low-Carbon Development : Main ReportThis study analyzes a range of energy
 efficiency options available in Mexico, including
 supply-side efficiency improvements in the electric power
 and oil and gas industries and demand-side electricity
 efficiency measures to limit high-growth energy-consuming
 activities, such as air conditioning and refrigeration. It
 also evaluates a range of renewable energy options that make
 use of the country's vast wind, solar, biomass, hydro,
 and geothermal resources. But low-carbon (CO2) development
 is not only about energy production and consumption. In
 Mexico one of the most important sources of greenhouse gas
 emissions continues to be emissions from deforestation. The
 rate of deforestation has fallen steadily in Mexico over the
 past decades. Expanded programs for forest management,
 wildlife conservation, and efforts to increase the stock of
 forests can provide needed employment in rural areas and
 help make Mexican forests net absorbers of CO2 in the coming
 years. A fundamental question often asked about low-cost
 mitigation options is why they are not already being
 undertaken. As the study shows, the availability of
 commercial technology and even low financial costs is often
 not enough to overcome barriers related to institutional and
 knowledge gaps, regulatory and legal constraints, or
 societal norms. Inability to surmount these
 'transactions costs' is typically at the root of
 the problem of why supposedly low-cost actions are not
 undertaken. To partially overcome this dilemma, one of the
 explicit criteria used in this study for identifying
 low-carbon measures was that they had already been
 implemented on some scale in Mexico or in a similar economy
 outside of Mexico. In order to mainstream low-carbon
 development, a package of new stimuli will be needed,
 including public and consumer education and training, public
 demonstrations, standards and regulations, and financial incentives.