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Geography of Growth : Spatial
 Economics and CompetitivenessThis volume is organized as follows.
 Chapter one address two questions: how has spatial
 concentration evolved with growth and development, and what
 are the efficiency implications of too much or too little
 spatial concentration? This chapter summarizes the various
 models that analyze growth by geographic concentration and
 sets the foundation for concepts discussed in later
 chapters. Chapter two focuses on urbanization in
 geographies. Chapter three correlates urban presence with
 economic density in developed and developing countries. It
 initially focuses on how urban transition and growth are
 blurring the rural-urban divide and the unprecedented volume
 of people who are moving to urban areas. Chapter four
 discusses how different industries inhabit and impact
 various urban sectors. Chapter five contextualizes urban
 growth in the current technological landscape as innovation,
 particularly in information technology, has become critical
 to increasing productivity and consequently growth. Chapter
 six further analyzes urbanization in the current global
 context, specifically, the impact of globalization and
 industry clusters on urbanization. Chapter seven addresses a
 current fundamental global trend: why has urbanization been
 growing rapidly since the 1950s? Some theories suggest that
 it is industry that spurs urbanization and consequently
 growth in infrastructure; however this is not the case.
 Instead, the chapter concludes by looking at data across
 regions and cities, the municipalities are pivotal in
 influencing infrastructure development and growth in urban
 centers. Finally, chapter eight deciphers why some cities
 are more successful than others. Why do Karachi and Sao
 Paulo have the human capital that qualifies them as urban
 centers but not as thriving cities? By citing examples of
 successful cities, this chapter provides policy
 recommendations on how to make a city competitive in
 today's economy.
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Geography of Growth : Spatial Economics and CompetitivenessThis volume is organized as follows. Chapter one address two questions: how has spatial concentration evolved with growth and development, and what are the efficiency implications of too much or too little spatial concentration? This chapter summarizes the various models that analyze growth by geographic concentration and sets the foundation for concepts discussed in later chapters. Chapter two focuses on urbanization in geographies. Chapter three correlates urban presence with economic density in developed and developing countries. It initially focuses on how urban transition and growth are blurring the rural-urban divide and the unprecedented volume of people who are moving to urban areas. Chapter four discusses how different industries inhabit and impact various urban sectors. Chapter five contextualizes urban growth in the current technological landscape as innovation, particularly in information technology, has become critical to increasing productivity and consequently growth. Chapter six further analyzes urbanization in the current global context, specifically, the impact of globalization and industry clusters on urbanization. Chapter seven addresses a current fundamental global trend: why has urbanization been growing rapidly since the 1950s? Some theories suggest that it is industry that spurs urbanization and consequently growth in infrastructure; however this is not the case. Instead, the chapter concludes by looking at data across regions and cities, the municipalities are pivotal in influencing infrastructure development and growth in urban centers. Finally, chapter eight deciphers why some cities are more successful than others. Why do Karachi and Sao Paulo have the human capital that qualifies them as urban centers but not as thriving cities? By citing examples of successful cities, this chapter provides policy recommendations on how to make a city competitive in today's economy.
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Urbanization and Growth : Commission on Growth and DevelopmentStructural change is a key driver of rapid growth: countries diversify into new industries, firms learn new things, people move to new locations. Anything that slows this structural change is also likely to slow growth. Because urbanization is one of the most important enabling parallel processes in rapid growth, making it work well is critical. Urbanization's contribution to growth comes from two sources: the difference between rural and urban productivity levels and more rapid productivity change in cities. In the early decades of development, when the majority of the population is still rural, the jump from rural to urban employment makes a big contribution to growth. As cities grow larger, the second effect faster gains in urban productivity - begins to dominate, as it operates on a larger base. Mortgages can improve households' ability to buy decent housing. But finance relaxes demand constraints only. Unless it is accompanied by measures to increase supply, better finance may result in overshooting prices. This volatility can jeopardize macroeconomic stability. In a typical pattern, strong income growth leads to a rapid increase in housing demand. An injection of liquidity from some source, often overseas, may help over stimulate the market, leading to over optimism and a dangerous concentration of wealth in real estate.