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Prevention of Health Risk Factors in Latin America and the Caribbean : Governance of Five Multisectoral EffortsNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent an important and growing burden to the health and economies of the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. However, some of this burden can be prevented or controlled through targeted clinical services and multi-sectoral activities aimed at improving diet, promoting physical activity, and reducing tobacco use and alcohol abuse. This study focuses on population-wide, multi-sectoral interventions to prevent risk factors for NCDs. This study seeks to answer the following questions: what is the health and economic burden of NCDs in the region?; what are countries doing to promote healthy living and prevent risk factors for NCDs?; what are the main governance challenges countries face in developing and implementing population-wide NCD prevention interventions and which are the success stories?; and what else can the region do to reduce health risk factors and prevent the onset of NCDs? This study documents governance challenges in the design and implementation of promising or successful population-wide interventions intended to prevent health risk factors in LAC. It focuses on the process whereby public officials develop and implement primary-prevention policies and programs. It is composed of five commissioned case studies on multi-sectoral interventions to promote healthy living in the region. These case studies examine which stakeholders participated directly or indirectly in the decision-making process; what positions they held; which incentives they faced; which strategies they pursued; how did existing institutional arrangements affect the decision-making process; what lessons can be drawn from these processes; and what were the successes and setbacks? This report provides a glimpse into the types of opposing interests and power games involved in proposing, passing, and implementing successful or promising population-based health interventions in LAC. The aim is to provide information on the struggles and challenges involved in the design and implementation of policies, presenting an array of possible instruments and models that can be useful and adaptable to specific scenarios.
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The Ukraine (Kiev) 1999 Global Youth Tobacco Survey : Economic IssuesThe Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), supported by the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Health Organization, was carried out in Kiev, in the Ukraine in 1999, one of the first of many countries to implement this standardized school-based survey of teenage smoking behavior, attitudes and knowledge. This report presents background information on smoking and tobacco control policies in Ukraine. It presents simple descriptive statistics of the GYTS survey data, focusing especially on the relationship between smoking behavior, cigarette prices, and other factors that can be affected by policies intended to reduce smoking in order to reduce the associated burden of disease and premature death. Multiple regressions explore the factors that affect the decision to smoke, and the number of cigarettes that current smokers report smoking each month, and find that price appears to be a significant determinant, along with age, gender, and efforts by schools to ensure that students are well informed about the effects that smoking has on health.
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Econometric Analysis of Youth Smoking Behavior in TurkeyThe report is organized as follows. The
 information about the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is
 provided in the first part. The second part gives some
 descriptive statistics about the prevalence rate of students
 and their consumption based on several characteristics
 observed in the survey. The third part presents the
 empirical model and the variables used to estimate the
 probability of smoke and the quantity consumed. The fourth
 part presents the empirical results obtained from the
 analysis. The last part summarizes the results and concludes
 the paper with some policy recommendations. A total of 202
 schools and 15,957 students were surveyed in the analysis.
 The GYTS questionnaire asks about the general
 characteristics of students, such as age, grade, sex, income
 level, region, and their family whether their parents work,
 and their education levels. Other questions ask about
 smoking habits, accessibility, smoking habits of their
 family members and friends; as well as exposure to pro /
 anti cigarette promotions and their thoughts about tobacco
 control measures. The results of this study have some
 important policy implications. First, the results indicate
 that price is an important factor that affects
 students' probability of smoke significantly. Second,
 it is also found that the knowledge about the harmful
 effects of smoking decreases both the probability of smoking
 and tobacco consumption significantly. Third, those students
 that have difficulty in getting tobacco products from
 markets are less likely to smoke and they smoke less
 cigarettes. Fourth, if smoking is not allowed inside the
 school building, the students have a lower probability of smoking.