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Better Outcomes through Health Reforms in the Russian Federation : The Challenge in 2008 and BeyondThe purpose of this discussion paper is
 to discuss selected health challenges in the Russian
 Federation, focusing on outcomes, expenditures and options
 for policy and institutional reforms in the health care
 system. The areas covered in the paper draw on recent
 studies and reports, and take into account lessons derived
 from the implementation of the World Bank-funded Health
 Reform Implementation Project (HRIP) at the federal level
 and in the Chuvash Republic and the Voronezh Oblast-the
 pilot regions of the project, over the 2005-2007 period.
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Turkey on the Way of Universal Health Coverage through the Health Transformation Program (2003-13)Beginning in 2003, Turkey initiated a
 series of reforms under the Health Transformation Program
 (HTP) that over the past decade have led to the achievement
 of universal health coverage (UHC). The progress of Turkey s
 health system has few if any parallels in scope and
 speed. Before the reforms, Turkey s aggregate health
 indicators lagged behind those of OECD member states and
 other middle-income countries. The health financing system
 was fragmented, with four separate insurance schemes and a
 Green Card program for the poor, each with distinct
 benefits packages and access rules. Both the Ministry of
 Labor and Social Security and Ministry of Health (MoH) were
 providers and financiers of the health system, and four
 different ministries were directly involved in public health
 care delivery. Turkey s reform efforts have impacted
 virtually all aspects of the country s health system and
 have resulted in the rapid expansion of the proportion of
 the population covered and of the services to which they are
 entitled. At the same time, financial protection has
 improved. For example, (i) insurance coverage increased from
 64 to 98 percent between 2002 and 2012; (ii) the share of
 pregnant women having four antenatal care visits increased
 from 54 to 82 percent between 2003 and 2010; and (iii)
 citizen satisfaction with health services increased from
 39.5 to 75.9 percent between 2003 and 2011. Despite dramatic
 improvements there is still space for Turkey to continue to
 improve its citizens health outcomes, and challenges lie
 ahead for improving services beyond primary care. The main
 criticism to reform has so far come from health sector
 workers; the future sustainability of reform will rely not
 only on continued fiscal support to the health sector but
 also the maintenence of service provider satisfaction.
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Toward Universal Coverage in Health : The Case of the State Guaranteed Benefit Package of the Kyrgyz RepublicIn this case study the paper describes the evolution of the Kyrgyz health care system and discusses challenges in ensuring universal access to basic health care services. Section one provides an overview of the Kyrgyz health system and of the national health care reform programs that started in 2001 with Manas (2001-2005) and which have been continued with Manas Taalimi (2006-2011), and the recently adopted Den Sooluk (2012-2016). Section two provides a detailed discussion of the SGBP that follows a universal approach as it applies to all citizens, and describes the management of public funds and the information environment of the State Guaranteed Benefit Package (SGBP). Section three draws lessons from Kyrgyz national health reforms for universal health coverage for other countries with very limited public resources, widespread poverty, and high levels of corruption. Section four discusses the remaining challenges for universal health coverage for the poor and how the provision of good-quality care forms an important part of the agenda for the recently adopted Den Sooluk program.