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The current context of Queensland primary teacher engagement with professional learning through professional associationsEngaging Queensland primary teachers in professional associations can be a challenge, particularly for subject-specific associations. Professional associations are recognised providers of professional learning. By not being involved in professional associations primary teachers are missing potential quality professional learning opportunities that can impact the results of their students. The purpose of the research is twofold: Firstly, to provide a thorough understanding of the current context in order to assist professional associations who wish to change from their current level of primary teacher engagement; and secondly, to contribute to the literature in the area of professional learning for primary teachers within professional associations. Using a three part research design, interviews of primary teachers and focus groups of professional association participants and executives were conducted and themed to examine the current context of engagement. Force field analysis was used to provide the framework to identify the driving and restraining forces for primary teacher engagement in professional learning through professional associations. Communities of practice and professional learning communities were specifically examined as potential models for professional associations to consider. The outcome is a diagrammatic framework outlining the current context of primary teacher engagement, specifically the driving and restraining forces of primary teacher engagement with professional associations. This research also identifies considerations for professional associations wishing to change their level of primary teacher engagement. The results of this research show that there are key themes that provide maximum impact if wishing to increase engagement of primary teachers in professional associations. However the implications of this lies with professional associations and their alignment between intent and practice dedicated to this change.
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Domestic Regulation and Global Movement of Skilled Professionals : A Case Study of Indian Professionals in the United StatesChanges in demographics and patterns of
 investment in human capital are creating opportunities for
 international trade in professional services. As populations
 in rich countries age, developing countries are seeing an
 increase in the proportion of working-age people. At the
 same time, the richest countries are investing
 proportionally less than middle income countries in
 engineering and technical human capital. In India, the
 largest developing country exporter of skilled services, the
 supply of educated manpower has been rising rapidly. In the
 U.S., the largest single importer of skilled services demand
 for reasonably-priced, skilled workers like doctors,
 engineers, accountants and other high skilled professions is
 outpacing domestic supply. The movement of professionals
 across countries faces explicit barriers, such as
 restrictive visa regimes, and implicit impediments in the
 form of regulatory requirements to obtain qualifications,
 training and experience and licenses even when a service
 provider is already qualified and licensed in another
 jurisdiction. This paper focuses on the implicit
 impediments. Domestic regulations such as licensing and
 qualification requirements and procedures have a profound
 effect on services trade, but their analysis has proved
 elusive. Sifting the legitimate from the protectionist is
 far from straightforward. Nevertheless, we take a first
 step in this analysis, focusing on how regulatory
 requirements and procedures impact on Indian doctors,
 engineers, architects and accountants when they wish to
 practice their profession in the United States.
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Foreign Professionals and Domestic RegulationChanges in demographics and patterns of
 investment in human capital are creating increased scope for
 international trade in professional services. The scope for
 mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by
 quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic
 regulation - including a range of qualification and
 licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the
 nature and implications of these regulatory impediments,
 this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory
 requirements faced in the United States market by four types
 of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects,
 and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of
 skilled services, and the United States is one of the
 largest importers of skilled services, so these two
 countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues
 that regulatory discrimination, for example through
 preferential recognition agreements, has implications both
 for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some
 illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of
 regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by
 examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory
 requirements could be addressed through bilateral and
 multilateral negotiations.