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Privacy-preserving genomic testing in the clinic: A model using HIV treatmentPurpose:The implementation of genomic-based medicine is hindered by unresolved questions regarding data privacy and delivery of interpreted results to health-care practitioners. We used DNA-based prediction of HIV-related outcomes as a model to explore critical issues in clinical genomics.Methods:We genotyped 4,149 markers in HIV-positive individuals. Variants allowed for prediction of 17 traits relevant to HIV medical care, inference of patient ancestry, and imputation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. Genetic data were processed under a privacy-preserving framework using homomorphic encryption, and clinical reports describing potentially actionable results were delivered to health-care providers.Results:A total of 230 patients were included in the study. We demonstrated the feasibility of encrypting a large number of genetic markers, inferring patient ancestry, computing monogenic and polygenic trait risks, and reporting results under privacy-preserving conditions. The average execution time of a multimarker test on encrypted data was 865 ms on a standard computer. The proportion of tests returning potentially actionable genetic results ranged from 0 to 54%.Conclusions:The model of implementation presented herein informs on strategies to deliver genomic test results for clinical care. Data encryption to ensure privacy helps to build patient trust, a key requirement on the road to genomic-based medicine. © 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics.
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The CGIAR at 40The Consultative Group on International
 Agricultural Research (CGIAR) has been one of the most
 successful research-for-development organizations over the
 past 40 years. The $11 billion invested by CGIAR donor
 members in research conducted by the international Centers
 under its umbrella has yielded many multiples of that sum in
 economic benefits to developing and emerging countries.
 Annual economic benefits of research on rice in Asia alone
 are equivalent to the total investment made by CGIAR donors
 over 4 decades, leaving aside benefits in other continents
 and from other research conducted by CGIAR institutions. The
 CGIAR‘s success is due in part to the way it was organized.
 The Group itself was an informal forum for dialogue among
 donor members about research priorities, investment options,
 and the continuing relevance and effectiveness of the
 institutions supported. The international centers
 constituted the core of the CGIAR. Each was (and still is)
 an autonomous international organization governed by an
 international board. The Group and the Centers were
 originally advised by the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)
 of distinguished scientists from developing and developed
 countries, each appointed as an individual. The Group’s
 activities were facilitated by its Secretariat based at the
 World Bank in Washington, DC, and TAC’s activities by
 another secretariat based at the food and agriculture
 organization in Rome.