Cyber: Prefix used to form many words relating to the use of the Internet. “Cyber ethics aims to provide orientation on what is right and wrong, good and bad, related to the cyber space” (Stückelberger, C. / Duggal, P. (Eds.), Cyber Ethics 4.0 : Serving Humanity with Values, Geneva: Globethics, 2018). The Globethics cyber ethics collection aims at gathering all most important sources on this matter. The content in the library is available in multiple languages and is mainly harvested from a wide variety of open access repositories. A limited set of manually submitted documents complete this collection, adding a plus value of carefully selected content.

Recent Submissions

  • Autonomous vehicles:

    Esposito, Fabrizio; Carvalho, Maria Luísa Monteiro (2024-02-29)
    Os veículos autónomos são considerados como a maior invenção do futuro. Há uma
 corrida entre várias empresas para colocar os veículos autónomos na estrada. Contudo,
 existe um problema: a própria sociedade, bem como as normas e leis, não estão
 preparadas para tal desenvolvimento. As novas tecnologias, particularmente as que
 envolvem inteligência artificial, estão a criar tanto novos problemas como novas
 soluções.
 Esta dissertação visa analisar as vantagens e desvantagens destes veículos, questionando
 como este tópico é abordado na União Europeia, e em alguns países em específico.
 A par disto, nesta tese será também explicado como o mercado dos seguros terá de se
 ajustar a esta nova realidade e como poderá potencialmente desempenhar um papel
 significativo na incerteza do mercado causada por estes automóveis. As companhias de
 seguros podem desempenhar um papel fundamental na abordagem das incertezas
 presentes nos contextos em que os veículos autónomos devem operar, garantindo ao
 mesmo tempo que a responsabilidade com estes veículos é segurada.
  • Why Outlaw Laws?: An Argument For A Probationary Period For Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems Under Meaningful Human Control.

    Vuyk, Katherine E. (University of Cincinnati College of Law Scholarship and Publications, 2024-03-02)
  • Таможенное регулирование интернет-торговли: российский и международный опыт, проблемы и перспективы

    Агеева, Вера Валентиновна; Марисова, Алина Юрьевна (2017-06-10)
    В данной работе рассматривается действующее таможенное регулирования за Интернет-торговлей, импортом для личного пользования посредством международных почтовых отправлениях. Изучается опыт зарубежных передовых стран в данной сфере. Проводится аналогия между моделями регулирования в России и других стран. Анализ внедрения других вариантов регулирующих моделей и зарубежного опыта с целью применения на территории России.
  • Los retos de las democracias constitucionales frente al uso de Internet y las redes sociales

    Castellà Andreu, Josep Ma.; Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Dret; Vargas Valdez, José Luís (Universitat de Barcelona, 2024-03-05)
    Programa de Doctorat en Dret i Ciència Política
  • Did the Superbowl Ad Curse Heighten Defined Contribution Plan Fiduciary Duties?: Deciphering the Legal and Ethical Landscape of Cryptocurrency Options in 401(k)s

    Valastro, Lauren K. (Digital Commons @ DU, 2023-01-01)
    Regulating cryptocurrency’s place in America’s most popular retirement savings vehicle generates thorny legal, ethical, and social justice dilemmas. Too little regulation could hurt those at highest risk of underfunded retirement. Too much could exacerbate existing racial, ethnic, and gender inequities. Though recent regulatory efforts suggest 401(k) administrators violate their fiduciary duty of care by offering cryptocurrency investment options to plan participants, the established fiduciary regime protects 401(k) plan participants from cryptocurrency risk while respecting their savings preferences. Yet, the current framework falls short of ethically and equitably serving all plan participants, particularly members of underserved communities — a problem largely unaddressed in academic, industry, or regulatory discourse. This Article demonstrates how regulators’ needlessly paternalistic approach toward cryptocurrency options could disproportionately impact minority retirement savings participation. Applying the existing fiduciary framework and practical mechanisms that plan fiduciaries currently use would minimize cryptocurrency risk to participants without rewriting the rules governing plan administration. This Article also proposes a novel, scientifically supported method by which fiduciaries should convey retirement planning information to improve retirement outcomes for all: via non-traditional media.
  • Journalistic "Innovation" Is Hard to Hate, but Actual Change Is Just Hard

    Singer, Jane B. (PRT, 2024-03-04)
    Who is opposed to "innovation"? For most newsroom publishers, managers, editors, and reporters, the word connotes progress; it implies a strategy for achieving success - and dodging failure. But innovation inescapably entails change: Doing and thinking about things differently means giving up the old as well as embracing the new. This commentary recaps journalists’ response over 30 years of digital news. It suggests that calls for change meet with initial resistance, typically on normative grounds; only over time do practitioners normalise the innovation, incorporating it into their perceptions and routines.
  • European transnationalism between successes and shortcomings

    NOVA School of Law|Faculdade de Direito (NSL|FD); Centro de Investigação e Desenvolvimento sobre Direito e Sociedade (CEDIS); D'Amato, Silvia; Sachoulidou, Athina (2024-03-12)
    This article introduces the Special Issue ‘European transnationalism between successes and shortcomings: Threats, strategies and actors under the microscope’. Specifically, it focuses on transnationalism in terms of a key concept to be deployed while seeking to decode and evaluate EU political and legal governance-related choices, and particularly those made to address cross-border security threats. In doing so, it first explains the choice of ‘transnationalism’ as focal point while referring to the current momentum, namely legal and political developments that have recently taken place or are currently under consideration. In this context, it looks both at current and diachronic transnational challenges, such as terrorism and irregular migration. Second, it explores the links between law and politics with respect to security and transnationalism, in order to present the background of this Special Issue as well as its added value. Third, it provides an overview of the studies included in the latter and explains how those are connected to each other, while seeking to identify which threats, strategies and actors shall be put under the microscope.
  • Los retos de las democracias constitucionales frente al uso de Internet y las redes sociales

    Castellà Andreu, Josep Ma.; Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Dret; Vargas Valdez, José Luís (Universitat de Barcelona, 2024-03-05)
    [spa] La presente tesis plantea la hipótesis de que los derechos fundamentales, incluyendo los derechos político-electorales, se han modificado con el uso de las nuevas tecnologías y los fenómenos asociados a éstas, y su impacto ha sido de tal magnitud, que se ha puesto en riesgo el sistema democrático en su conjunto. Entre los derechos afectados se encuentran la libertad de expresión, la privacidad, la protección de datos personales, el acceso a la información, y los principios que rigen los procesos electorales. Esta investigación se enfoca en la protección y tutela de estos derechos en el contexto digital. Para comprender el impacto de internet y las redes sociales en la democracia, se estudia la normatividad vigente en el ámbito digital, así como diversas determinaciones judiciales que versan sobre derechos humanos vinculadas con las nuevas tecnologías. Esto incluye el análisis de tratados internacionales, lineamientos, normas y directrices de organismos internacionales (soft law), constituciones nacionales, derecho regional, así como jurisprudencia comparada, nacional y supranacional. La investigación inicia con el estudio del uso y características de internet y las redes sociales en la democracia, así como su naturaleza jurídica. Se aborda el binomio constitucional denominado “democracia digital”, en su vinculación con las formas de participación política de ciudadanos, partidos políticos y gobiernos. Destacando el rol trascendental desempeñado por los jueces constitucionales y supranacionales en la delimitación de los derechos fundamentales en el ámbito digital. Posteriormente, se examina el derecho de acceso a internet, su relevancia como derecho fundamental universal, abarcando los límites al control y censura en línea, contemplando el impacto en los derechos fundamentales por el uso de internet y las redes sociales, enfatizando los principios rectores del derecho a la libertad de expresión en el ámbito digital y su ejercicio durante los procesos electorales, aunado a los fenómenos negativos asociados a las plataformas digitales en las elecciones. Un aspecto esencial de la investigación es el análisis del comportamiento de los tribunales constitucionales y supranacionales, y en general, de cómo la judicatura ha tenido que adaptar la normatividad existente sobre nuevas tecnologías para resolver casos vinculados a las redes sociales e internet. Como resultado de la investigación, se propone la creación de un sistema internacional de justicia digital, tomando como inspiración tribunales y organismos regionales e internacionales, así como los modelos europeo e interamericano de protección de derechos humanos. Esto incluye la creación de una Convención Internacional sobre Derechos Digitales que contempla un catálogo de derechos y obligaciones digitales. Además, se propone la creación de Agentes Coordinadores en el ámbito estatal, una Agencia Internacional de Protección de Derechos Digitales, y una Corte Internacional de Justicia Digital con competencia para resolver conflictos entre usuarios, plataformas digitales y Estados. En consecuencia, se estima que la protección de los derechos fundamentales en el entorno digital es esencial para preservar la integridad de los sistemas democráticos en la era digital. Este trabajo representa un análisis de la interacción entre el derecho, internet, las redes sociales, el legislador, , los jueces constitucionales y las democracias contemporáneas.
  • The Need for a Legal Standard of Care in the AI Environment

    Mohammad H. Bashayreh; Amer Tabbara; Fadi N. Sibai (Sriwijaya University, 2023-01-01)
    Artificial intelligence (AI) has risen to legal debate over legal liability in-volved in an incident. An intelligent machine can learn through experience and adapts its decisions accordingly. As such, if an intelligent machine’s be-haviour causes harm, the developer and the machine's owner may argue that the autonomous nature of AI systems has broken the causal link. The diffi-culty of determining who is liable for a harmful behaviour of an AI system is accentuated by the fact that tracing back the decision-making process of an AI system is not always possible. This paper aims to put forward a definition of a duty of care for developers and users of AI systems that could be the basis for the investigation of liability while seeking predictability of the allo-cation of legal liability in many cases involving AI incidents. The paper ex-amines some guidelines on ethics for AI to discern essential elements of the duty of care in the AI environment. The paper argues that a uniform minimum standard of care should be adopted internationally through model laws or even an international convention. A uniform standard of care should be enforced by State control rather than self-regulation by the AI industry. A licensing or certification requirement for AI products should be implemented to verify that the elements of the duty of care have been satisfied to control AI production and import/export relations. Violation of the standard of care can be an objective ground to negate or allocate negligence, especially when verifying errors in the design of the relevant software or if explaining the AI system's behaviour is not possible. A clear standard of care would, this paper assumes, help promote AI development and use and would not create imped-iments to investment in AI production.
  • Research on the impact of environmental regulations on green technological innovation in China from the perspective of digital transformation: a threshold model approach

    Yanfei Xiao; Baoli Zhang; Huilin Wang (IOP Publishing, 2024-01-01)
    The digital transformation in developing countries is crucial in determining whether environmental regulations can better facilitate green technological innovation. This paper constructs a theoretical model to deduce the relationships among digital transformation, environmental regulations, and green technological innovation. Empirical research is conducted using a two-way fixed-effects model and a threshold regression approach, based on provincial panel data from China spanning the years 2013 to 2020. The results indicate that environmental regulation inhibits green technological innovation. However, digital transformation, by reducing cost pathways, can promote the efficiency of green technological innovation under environmental regulation. This moderating effect exhibits a nonlinear threshold characteristic. Regarding dimensions of digital transformation, the level of digital investment shows no threshold, while both the level of digital application and the scale of digital integration exhibit threshold effects. Presently, in China, digital transformation effectively incentivizes green technological innovation under environmental regulation. Therefore, increasing digital investment, advancing digital applications, and fostering digital integration are inevitable choices to drive green technological innovation under the pressure of environmental regulation.
  • Ética, Derecho y Tecnología: explorando la representación de la Inteligencia Artificial en el Cine

    BU-DER; Ortega González, Tewise Yurena; Zamora Manzano, José Luis (2024-03-01)
    El cine es comúnmente conocido como el "séptimo arte" yconstituye una de las 
 formas artísticas junto a la literatura, la arquitectura y la pintura, entre otras. De esta forma las 
 películas permiten visualizar una serie de conceptos legales, procedimientos judiciales, la propia 
 argumentación de litigios, e incluso hace suscitar una serie de preguntas éticas y legales difíciles, 
 lo que puede llevar a la audiencia a reflexionar y debatir sobre cuestiones jurídicas importantes, 
 fomentándose el pensamiento crítico y la discusión sobre el derecho. En el presente trabajo,
 tratamos de analizar la representación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en películas y su impacto en 
 la percepción pública, así como las implicaciones éticas y legales que esto conlleva. La industria 
 cinematográfica ha desempeñado un papel importante en la formación de la opinión pública sobre 
 la IA y su potencial impacto en la sociedad. Este estudio se centrará en analizar cómo las películas 
 retratan la IA, si estas representaciones son precisas y cómo pueden influir en la percepción de la 
 tecnología y las discusiones éticas y legales que la rodean. Es importante subrayar la innegable 
 interrelación entre el Derecho y el lenguaje cinematográfico, áreas culturales que no son aisladas,
 sino que se interrelacionan
  • Cybersecurity Challenges in the Age of AI, Space Communications and Cyborgs

    Gordon Bowen (16668000); Deidre Bowen (16668003); Lisa Bamford (3796540) (2024-02-20)
    The buzz around AI systems emphasises the dangers or negatives of AI generative systems. The AI debate needs to move towards the centre ground so that balanced discussion can be achieved. AI systems can make, and are making, many successful contributions to society and individuals, and this should be celebrated but one needs to be wary of the dangers. Governments, society, technology firms and consulting firms are developing and deploying guidelines that can help keep AI systems safe for society. However, there is an urgency to move forward fast because AI is in its infancy and there is an explosion of innovation of new AI systems and applications. Proactiveness is the way to harness the benefits of AI systems so that they are based on ethical AI. This article makes the case for AI as a force for good, but also realises pitfalls lie ahead that need addressing.
  • Los intentos de regulación de la Inteligencia Artificial:: Derecho Comparado entre España, Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos

    Rodríguez Cardona, Mariola (2024)
    Artificial intelligence is a technological advancement that has been under development and discussion for several decades. However, the phenomenon has brought forward in recent years a global response to regulate it due to the implications that its use has on the human and constitutional rights of people in various areas, such as health and employment, and in our day-to-day lives. The attempts to regulate artificial intelligence, like other matters, have varied according to the countries and their jurisdictions, which is why in this paper I propose a comparative legal study between the existing regulations and the attempts in the United States, Puerto Rico and Spain regarding artificial intelligence. The reason for the comparison between these three jurisdictions comes from the colonial history of Puerto Rico with both, relationships that have forged the mandatory laws in Puerto Rico and historical events that will serve as a starting point in this paper. In addition, the objective is to provide a critical analysis of the steps that have been taken thus far regarding the regulation of artificial intelligence in these three jurisdictions in order to identify the beneficial legal measures that can be implemented as part of the regulation of those jurisdictions that do not include them, due to the fact that they must all strive for the same thing: to promote the development of artificial intelligence while protecting the rights of their citizens.
  • Enjeux éthiques de l'apprentissage automatique et du Big Data : une perspective herméneutique

    Paris 10; Berner, Christian; Demichelis, Rémy (2023-11-08)
    Les systèmes d'analyse de masses de données, et a fortiori d'apprentissage automatique, qui se sont grandement développés en ce début du XXIe siècle sont souvent accusés d'être biaisés. Parfois, ils renforcent et jettent une lumière crue sur les discriminations inhérentes à nos sociétés. Ils compromettent ainsi notre capacité à jeter un « voile d'ignorance » sur nos préjugés. Dans ce travail, nous aimerions tirer les enseignements d'une herméneutique héritée de Hans-Georg Gadamer afin d'aborder les enjeux auxquels nous confronte la technologie : biais, interopérabilité des systèmes et optimisation. L'idée directrice étant que les préjugés ne disparaissent jamais et cela pour des raisons épistémologiques.
  • The Futility of Regulating Social Media Content in a Global Media Environment

    Morris, Rick G. (NDLScholarship, 2021-04-01)
    Social media reaches more people on the planet than any prior form of media and transmits more information world-wide than ever before. It is an empowering factor in establishing and growing communities, but at the same time, creates havoc and disseminates pernicious and perhaps dangerous speech. And so it has been with the media from the beginning of time. Throughout the media’s history, efforts at regulation or control of media speech has been fraught with difficulty, ineffectiveness, discrimination, and failure. The use of technology can deceive the consumer of the information, and the social media companies as well. Both government attempts at regulation and actions of private actors, the media themselves, have failed, and this paper demonstrates those repeated failures. The nature of speech, especially political speech, is such that even the definition of what is good and bad, right and wrong, is elusive. Because the speech belongs to each speaker and no prior effort to moderate it has worked, and because modern technology thwarts the possibility of accurate assessment or control, this paper establishes that attempts at social media content regulation are futile.
  • Doxing ethics

    Naskali, Juhani; Rantanen, Minna M.; Rottenkolber, Maria; K. Kimppa, Kai (Universidad de La Rioja, 2024)
  • Pioneering a new era: designers at the crossroads of design and AI

    fi=Taiteiden tiedekunta|en=Faculty of Art and Design|; Kalving, K. Matilda (fi=Lapin yliopisto|en=University of Lapland|, 2024-03-13)
    The rise of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has sparked public interest and widespread discussions regarding its integration into society. However, despite the rapid advancements in AI and the emerging opportunities for innovation in design, there is still a lack of understanding about how designers perceive and incorporate AI tools into their design workflows. This research aims to capture the moment when AI and design intersect and to gain a better understanding of how designers can effectively use these new tools to enhance their work.
 
 Through a comprehensive study, including a survey (n=49), focus groups (n=6), and interviews (n=6), this research explores this shift in designers' identity and workflow. Investigating designers' attitudes towards AI, their acceptance and use of AI in their design processes, and AI's impact on their creativity. 
 
 The research found that designers perceive several benefits in adapting AI in their design projects, including enhanced creativity, improved efficiency, and the ability to automate tedious tasks. However, several participants expressed unease about integrating AI into areas that are considered deeply human, such as art. Despite these concerns, AI tools are already extensively employed in design, and AI is increasingly being depicted as a collaborator.
 
 Based on the research findings, it is imperative to incorporate more participatory measures in order to establish ethical guidelines and increase transparency in the use of AI in design. This research aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding how designers perceive and incorporate AI into their workflows, offering insights into the evolving relationship between AI and design innovation.
  • Актуальні питання фінансово-правового регулювання криптовалюти у зв’язку із набуттям Україною статусу кандидата на членство у ЄС

    Ільченко, М.Г. (Сумський державний університет, 2024-02-27)
    Криптовалюта в умовах сьогодення набула значного розповсюдження та виступає інструментом переміщення вартості за межі державного нагляду. Так, за даними Директора Європолу, в країнах Європи у криптовалюті переводиться близько 4% всіх доходів, одержаних злочинним шляхом. Така ситуація не могла
 залишитись поза увагою законодавства країн ЄС і, як наслідок, останніми роками у країнах ЄС було розроблено достатню кількість нормативно-правових, методичних, організаційнороз’яснювальних документів, в тому числі й у сфері фінансово-правового регулювання криптовалюти.
  • El impacto de la transformación digital en la sociedad y el derecho a la educación

    Turanin, Vladislav Y.; Posokhova, Yana (2024)
    In recent decades, the widespread phenomenon of global digital transformation has instigated substantial alterations within various dimensions of human life, prominently among them being the realm of education. As society experiences an acceleration in the pace of life and the growing intricacies of social processes, it becomes indispensable to scrutinize the evolving landscape of human rights protection. This article undertakes a rigorous examination of the societal repercussions of digitalization on the right to education, with a particular focus on the implications for broader society. While the digital era holds the promise of augmenting educational accessibility, critical inquiries arise regarding its congruence with fundamental human rights principles. This study methodically dissects the societal ramifications of digitalization, elucidating both the opportunities and challenges it presents. Its primary objective is to provide a scientifically-grounded analysis that extends beyond the individual level, aiming to inform evidence-based strategies and policies conducive to fostering a more inclusive and equitable digital future within the broader societal context. This research underscores the vital importance of upholding human rights amidst the evolving societal landscapes shaped by the digital age

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