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Institutional Labyrinth : Designing a Way Out for Improving Urban Transport Services--Lessons from Current PracticeSevere congestion, poor air quality, increases in road accidents, and explosive growth in energy consumption are manifestations of rapid motorization in cities around the globe, especially in the developing world. The tendency in most developing cities has been to deal with these problems in a piecemeal fashion, largely through supply side interventions, such as widening roads, constructing flyovers, or building high-cost mass transit systems. It is becoming increasingly recognized that effective solutions lie in comprehensive and holistic approaches that integrate what would normally be patchwork efforts and, in addition, combine supply side efforts with demand side measures. In general, this means that multiple, well-integrated actions need to be taken. Integrated and comprehensive thinking and implementation is required across multiple subsystems and disciplines, such as land use planning, environmental quality, energy efficiency, and services for the poor and physically disadvantaged. The ability to undertake comprehensive planning and execution that is integrated functionally, spatially, sectorally, and hierarchically is too often constrained because of the highly fragmented governance of urban transport in most cities. The functions that need to be performed can be classified as strategic, tactical, and operational. Strategic functions include policy formulation and long-range planning; tactical functions involve regulation and detailed planning; and operational functions concern the construction of facilities and ensuring the availability of services. National governments can play a pivotal role through their ability to provide financing to lead agencies at lower levels of government and take advantage of economies of scale by coordinating and undertaking activities of interest to multiple cities, such as capacity building and research.
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A Framework for a Pro-growth, Pro-poor Transport Strategy : Guidance NoteA pro-growth, pro-poor transport strategy (PGPTS) responsive to the second generation poverty reduction strategies (SGPRSs) and the millennium development goals (MDGs) are essential instruments to promote transport development that facilitates economic growth and poverty reduction. However, the national poverty reduction and transport strategy reviews, undertaken by Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) member countries, and the MDG review, have shown that the existing transport strategies are deficient in many respects in supporting this objective. The strategies have not been successful in delivering adequate access to the rural and urban poor in Africa to reach economic opportunities, and to social and administrative services. The purpose of this framework document (guidance note) is to highlight possible options for the development of a PGPTS. It identifies the questions that need to be asked and the choices that need to be made in framing such a strategy. It offers, at each stage, a checklist of issues for consideration and some examples of good practices. Its aim is to encourage policy-makers and planners to adopt a structured approach to assessing gaps, defining sectoral vision and goals, and mapping transport interventions and policy changes required to anchor transport in growth and poverty reduction. This guidance note is based on development scenarios and strategy formulation processes in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, and it is designed to facilitate the development of transport strategies that will support the achievement of the MDGs in these countries, and increase Africa's trade competitiveness and integration.
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Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road ProjectsThe focus of this document is to provide a wide range of ideas and options to improve the inclusion of environmental sustainability throughout the road transportation project cycle (system planning, project planning and design, construction, and operation and maintenance) based on environmental sustainability indicators and highlighting environmentally sustainable products and materials for road construction. Sustainable economic growth in low- and middle-income countries is a key to poverty reduction and shared prosperity, which in part is dependent on reliable and safe transportation systems. Road and highway systems provide a critical function in creating and maintaining a desirable quality of life.