Duplixité de la finance islamique : une expression manichéiste de l’économie capitaliste ? Etude critique et analytique.
Author(s)
Mekacher, AmalKeywords
Finance islamiqueFinance éthique
Usure
Ribâ
Weber et l’esprit du capitalisme
Ethique économique
Religion et charité
Mal-Développement des pays musulmans
L’institution et la finance
Les produits et la consommation halal
Transactions commerciales islamiques
Le marché du religieux
Islamic finance
Ethical finance
Usury
Ribâ
Weber and capitalism spirit
Economic ethics
Religion and charity
“Ill-Development" of Muslim countries
Institution and finance
Products and consumption halal
Islamic commercial transactions
Religious market
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http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0170Abstract
Dans cette thèse, nous nous consacrerons à comprendre les nouveaux langages qu’adopte le monde économique dans sa machine à fabriquer la quantité, où même les chiffres les plus allongés de zéros, d’un crash boursier, s’anéantissent en un clin d’œil dans le Zéro. Dans l’exploitation de l’homme par l’homme, dans sa marchandisation, dans sa mondialisation, il sera souvent, et pour ne pas dire toujours, question d’argent et d’usure ( plus tard de finance), d’échanges, de profit, de surendettement, de consommation et enfin de pouvoir; autant d’alliances que de divorces que formeront leurs interminables combinaisons, que vont d’abord sceller les sceaux sacrés des religions, pour s’en affranchir momentanément, le temps que l’homme s’avoue vaincu par ses propres ambitions. Si nous avons eu à emprunter l’épineux chemin de la foi, c’est uniquement parce qu’elle aura prouvé, encore une fois, son indiscutable pouvoir à mobiliser, à innover et à faire consommer.Pour cela, nos développements seront principalement motivés par deux grandes questions: Qu’est-ce que la finance islamisée, telle que conçue aujourd’hui, quelles sont les solutions concrètes, visibles et efficaces qu’elle apporte dans la lutte contre le mal développement des pays musulmans, dont certains vivant dans des conditions extrêmes de précarité, traversant des crises alimentaires et sanitaires récurrentes? En d’autres termes, est-ce que la finance islamique aide vraiment les musulmans à mieux vivre dans leurs environnements respectifs ? Puis et déductivement, nous serons amenés à conclure sur un bilan très peu satisfaisant ou peu convaincant, sur les réalisations de cette finance en faveur des populations défavorisées en général et musulmanes en particulier. Un tel constat ne pouvait que nous faire douter des véritables intentions d’une finance dite islamique, de ses ambitions et de son fonctionnement. Si ce n’est pas les pays musulmans qui en tirent le plus ou le mieux profit, pour qui et pourquoi la finance islamique se démène-t-elle, se développe-t-elle ainsi ? Si c’est au nom d’une religion de charité et d’entre-aide que la finance « halal » se mobilise, elle devrait en toute rationalité et avant toute bonne foi, s’accomplir d’abord et avant tout dans son devoir envers ses prioritaires, en l’occurrence les populations les plus démunies, qu’elles soient en plus musulmanes en fait non plus un devoir mais carrément un sacerdoce. Enfin, il sera question de la crise intellectuelle qu’engendre le mal-être économique que connaît le monde d’aujourd’hui, de son langage mis au service de revendications dissolues, une crise différemment perçue et vécue, plus spécifiquement par le monde musulman dans sa diversité et face à ses contradictions. On aura à constater une accaparation déloyale du débat par une dominante occidentale piégée par une vision dépassée, biaisée et globalisante de l’ « islamique ». En ce sens, l’approche critique d’Ibn Khaldûn, nous donnera la possibilité de compenser bien des thèses défaillantes, en mettant la sociologie du musulman dans une dynamique extrapolée dans son devenir. Une extraordinaire description d’une actualité étonnante, qui sera souvent empruntée dans notre argumentaire afin d’expliquer l’origine et l’opérativité d’un raisonnement, d’une culture ou d’une mentalité dotés encore d’un pouvoir aussi bien malfaisant que bienfaisant, dans un retour en force d’une instrumentalisation opportune de la fibre religieuse dans le monde économique en général et des finances en particulier. Le cas algérien en constituera une illustration.In this thesis, we shall devote ourselves to understanding the new language that the economical world adopts in its manufacturing machine of quantity, where even the most aligned figures of zeros, of the stock market crash, annihilates itself in a ‘blink of an eye’ in the zero. In the exploitation of the man by man, in his commodification, in his globalization, it will often be and not to say always, a question of money and usury (later on finance), exchanges, profits, over indebtedness, consumption and finally power; as many pacts as divorces formed by their unending combinations, which will initially seal the sacred seal of religions, to free themselves momentarily, just in time for man to confess defeat by his very own ambitions. If we had to borrow the thorny path of faith, it is only because it will have proved once again its indisputable power to mobilize, innovate and to consume. For that, our developments will be motivated mainly by two questions: What is Islamic finance as conceived today? What are the concrete, visible and effective solutions that the Islamic finance brings in the struggle against the ‘ill-development’ of Muslim countries, among which some live in extremely precarious conditions, going through recurrent food and health crises ? In other words, does the Islamic finance really help Muslims to live better in their respective environments? Then and deductively, we will be led to conclude on a very unsatisfactory or unconvincing results, on the achievements in disadvantaged populations in general and Muslim in particular. Such an observation could only make us doubt the true intentions of the so called « Islamic finance », its ambitions and its functioning. If it is not the Muslim countries that derive the highest or the best profit from it, then for whom and why is Islamic finance struggling, trying to develop itself ? If it is in the name of a religion of charity and inter aid that the « halal » finance is mobilized , it should in all rationality and before all, good faith , be fulfilled first and foremost in its duty to its priorities. In this case the most deprived populations whether the majority are Muslims or not, its no longer a question of duty but a vocation.Finally, we shall discuss the intellectual crisis caused by the economic malaise in the world today, its language at the service of dissolute claims, a crisis differently perceived and experienced, more specifically by the Muslim world in its diversity and contradictions. We shall ultimately observe an unfair monopoly of a dominantly westernized debate trapped by an outdated vision, biased and globalizing of “the islamic”. In this sense, the critical approach of Ibn Khaldûn will give us the possibility of compensate many failing theories, putting the sociology of the Muslim in a dynamics extrapolated in its becoming. An extraordinary description of astonishing reality, which will often be borrowed in our arguments. In order to explain the origin and operativeness of a reasoning, a culture or a mentality endowed with both good and evil power in a turn to a timely instrumentalisation of religious fiber in the economic world in general, and finance in particular. The Algerian case will be an illustration.
Date
2017-12-15Type
Electronic Thesis or DissertationIdentifier
oai:2017EHES0170http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0170
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