O impacto do desempenho social corporativo sobre o desempenho financeiro nas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto
Author(s)
Carla Camargo LealContributor(s)
Diogenes Manoel Leiva MartinLucas Ayres Barreira de Campos Barros
Carlos Eduardo de Mori Luporini
Keywords
desempenho social corporativoADMINISTRACAO
corporate social responsibility
corporate social performance
responsabilidade social corporativa
desempenho financeiro
financial performance
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The area of corporate social responsibility is surrounded by controversies. Its defenders claim that it is necessary due to current social and environmental problems. Its opponents argue that it breaks the classic economic model of wealth generation. The research problem proposed seeks to evaluate the existence of evidences by which the corporate social performance impacts the financial results of the organizations, being them risk, financial performance or shareholders value distribution. To reach this objective, the arguments against the corporate social responsibility used by the classic economic model are analyzed, as far as new visions are sought under the New Institutional Economics, even though in a embryonic manner. The corporations motivations for the corporate social responsibility are also discussed, once they are also permeated by controversies and can unleash arguable results. The empirical part of the research involved the use of multiple regression method, applied between financial dependent variables referring to risk, performance and value distribution to shareholders, and social performance independent variables. The main sample comprises of 328 listed companies, extracted from Economatica, while a second sample includes 371 companies belonging to the largest Brazilian companies, extracted from Revista Exame Melhores e Maiores 2007. For the composition of the social performance variable, various sources of data were used, representing the companies participation in public socially-related indexes, certifications regarding social issues, participation in representative social responsibility associations and awards or other forms of reward received. The initial results do not point evidences that capital market exposition could cause better social performance. In general, the regression results did not favor the relation between social performance and a) risk, b) financial performance, and c) shareholders value distribution. The exception was the model using EBITDA/Total Assets as dependent variable in the main sample. Even though, in eight out of ten main models, the coefficient of the social performance variable showed signals expected by the proposed hypotheses. In the other fifteen auxiliary regression models, using the social performance components unassembled, some of the coefficients of the components were significant, although none of them has been significant in more than two models. Among the potential reasons for the non-significant statistical results it may be found the social performance variable composition. Future research can also investigate aspects related to the effects of time in the social and financial performance relation and also the possibilities of social responsibility as an idiosyncrasy factor. For the analysis relating to the distribution of shareholders value, the use of alternative metrics should be considered.A área de responsabilidade social corporativa está cercada pela controvérsia que coloca em lados opostos os que a defendem sob a alegação da mitigação dos atuais problemas sócio-ambientais e os que a criticam sob a alegação de romper com os modelos clássicos de geração de riqueza para a sociedade. Assim, o problema de pesquisa proposto procura avaliar a existência de evidências de que o desempenho social causa impactos financeiros às organizações, seja sob a forma de risco, de desempenho ou de distribuição de valor aos seus acionistas. Para tanto, são analisados os argumentos teóricos da economia neoclássica contra a responsabilidade social, além de se buscar, de maneira embrionária, uma nova visão econômica sob a perspectiva da Nova Economia Institucional. As motivações para a responsabilidade social no âmbito organizacional também são discutidas, uma vez que também são permeadas por controvérsias e podem desencadear resultados financeiramente discutíveis. A pesquisa empírica envolveu a análise de regressões múltiplas entre as variáveis dependentes financeiras referentes ao risco, ao desempenho financeiro e à distribuição de valor aos acionistas e a variável independente de desempenho social. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 328 empresas abertas obtidas na Economática e uma amostra auxiliar de 371 empresas obtida na Revista Exame Melhores e Maiores 2007. Para a composição do desempenho social foram usadas diversas fontes de dados, representando a participação das empresas em índices de mercado relacionados a questões sociais, a adoção de normas, a participação em associações e as premiações ou outras formas de reconhecimento. Os resultados iniciais não apontaram evidências de que a exposição ao mercado de capitais possa ocasionar melhor desempenho social. No geral, os resultados das regressões não forneceram indícios da relação entre o desempenho social e a) o risco, b) o desempenho financeiro e c) a distribuição de valor para os acionistas. A exceção foi o modelo que tem o EBITDA/AT como regressando na amostra principal. Apesar disso, em oito dos dez modelos principais, os coeficientes da variável desempenho social apresentaram sinais coerentes com o esperado pelas hipóteses propostas. Nas quinze regressões auxiliares, realizadas com os componentes do desempenho social desagregados, alguns coeficientes desses componentes foram significantes, embora nenhum tenha sido significante em mais do que dois desses modelos. Dentre as potenciais razões para os resultados estatisticamente não significantes pode estar a composição da variável de desempenho social, embora estudos futuros possam investigar também aspectos relacionados aos impactos temporais do desempenho social sobre o desempenho financeiro e ainda a possibilidade da responsabilidade social se constituir em um fator idiossincrático. Para a análise relativa à distribuição de valor, o uso de métricas alternativas ao ROE também pode ser pesquisada em estudos futuros.
Date
2007-12-13Identifier
oai:mx.mackenzie.com.br:360http://mx.mackenzie.com.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=695
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