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Ensino de Ciências nos anos Iniciais do ensino fundamental: a construção do conhecimento científico pelos alunos envolvendo o ciclo da água

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Author(s)
Rodrigues, Tatiane Suéllen
Contributor(s)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Keywords
Ensino de Ciências
Experimentos
Ensino investigativo
Anos iniciais do ensino fundamental
Ciclo da água
Science teaching
Experiments
Research teaching
Early years of elementary education
Water cycle

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URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/3223431
Online Access
http://hdl.handle.net/11449/166353
Abstract
Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC
O presente estudo foi realizado com a premissa de que o ensino de Ciências é importante na formação da criança, por isso deve ser trabalhado desde o início da escolarização. Com um enfoque preponderantemente qualitativo, estruturou-se uma Sequência de Ensino Investigativa sobre o Ciclo da Água. As atividades foram desenvolvidas com alunos do 4º Ano de uma escola municipal de Agudos/SP e visavam responder a questão central da pesquisa: “como o trabalho com direcionamentos investigativos, juntamente com a utilização de experimentos em sala de aula podem auxiliar os alunos na construção de um conhecimento efetivo, partindo de um conhecimento empírico e chegando a um saber mais elaborado?”. A pesquisa dividiu-se em três momentos. No primeiro, as crianças responderam três questões relacionadas à formação das nuvens, chuva e Ciclo da Água, além de um desenho para o levantamento dos conhecimentos prévios. No segundo momento, houve discussões sobre o tema, com a realização de quatro experimentos: Presença de água nos seres vivos, Formação das nuvens, Ciclo da Água e Água salgada e doce. Consideramos três tipos de dados: registros escritos, desenhos e discussões orais. Após a realização de cada experimento, os alunos registraram por escrito os aprendizados adquiridos. Esses dados escritos foram analisados segundo três categorias criadas por nós (alunos não compreenderam os conceitos, alunos compreenderam parcialmente os conceitos e alunos compreenderam satisfatoriamente os conceitos). As discussões orais foram transcritas e a participação das crianças foram classificadas em 4 níveis de argumentação segundo Driver e Newton (1997). Os níveis vão da utilização de afirmações isoladas sem justificativas, passam por afirmações com justificativas, qualificadores e refutações até fazer julgamento integrando vários conceitos. Os dados analisados sugerem que o direcionamento investigativo possibilitou oportunidades de interação, levantamento de hipóteses, questionamentos, coleta de dados, registros, aprendizagens, opiniões, contestações de ideias, o que levou as crianças a níveis satisfatórios de argumentação e aprendizados mais próximos aos científicos. Por fim, no terceiro momento da pesquisa, as questões iniciais foram retomadas, e indicaram aprendizados relevantes relacionados ao tema estudado. Assim acredita-se que as discussões cientificas, no contexto escolar, possibilitam o envolvimento das crianças nos processos educativos, em que todos os aspectos tornam-se importantes: a escolha das atividades, direcionamentos, objetivos, planejamento, percurso da turma no estudo dos conteúdos e as intervenções que levam a conhecimentos específicos. Finalmente, a pesquisa apresentou algumas sugestões visando aprofundamento, sinalizando a necessidade de repensarmos o currículo de Ciências, a compreensão da dialogia como elemento fundamental na construção do conhecimento, e a necessária discussão acerca da interdisciplinaridade e Alfabetização Científica.
The present study was performed out with the premise that the teaching of science is important in the formation of the child, so it must be worked from the beginning of schooling. With a predominantly qualitative approach, a sequence of Investigative Teaching on the Water Cycle was structured. The activities were developed with students of the 4th year of a municipal school in Agudos/SP and aimed to answer the central question of the research: "how working with investigative directions along with the use of experiments in the classroom can help students in the construction of an effective knowledge, starting from an empirical knowledge and arriving at a more elaborate knowledge? "The activities were divided in three moments. In the first one, the children answered three questions related to the formation of clouds, rain and Water Cycle, besides a drawing for the survey of previous knowledge. In the second moment there was the study of the theme, with the accomplishment and discussion of four experiments: Presence of water in living beings, Cloud formation, Water Cycle and Salt water and sweet. We consider three types of data: written records, drawings, and oral discussions. After each experiment, the students recorded the acquired learning in writing. These written data were analyzed according to three categories created by us (students did not understand the concepts, students partially understood the concepts and students understood the concepts satisfactorily). The oral discussions were transcribed and the children's participation were classified into four levels of argumentation according to Driver and Newton (1997). The levels range from the use of isolated affirmations without justification, pass through affirmations with justification, qualifiers and refutations until making judgment integrating several concepts. The analyzed data suggest that the investigative targeting allowed opportunities for interaction, hypothesis collection, questioning, data collection, records, learning, opinions, ideas, which led children to satisfactory levels of argumentation and learning closer to scientists. Finally, in the third moment, the initial questions were resumed, and indicated relevant learning related to the studied subject. Thus, it is believed that scientific discussions, in the school context, enable the involvement of children in educational processes, in which all aspects become important: the choice of activities, directions, objectives, planning, course of the class in the study of contents and interventions that lead to specific knowledge. Finally, the research presented some suggestions for deepening, signaling the need to rethink the science curriculum, the understanding of dialogue as a fundamental element in the construction of knowledge, and the necessary discussion about interdisciplinarity and Scientific Literacy
Date
2018-12-03
Type
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
Identifier
oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/166353
http://hdl.handle.net/11449/166353
33004056079P0
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openAccess
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