Social Polarization, Social Institutions, and Country Creditworthiness
Keywords
POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTINCOME INEQUALITY DATA
ECONOMIC POLICY
ETHNIC CONFLICT
INCOME LEVELS
CRISES
INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
POLARIZATION MEASURES
WEALTH
NEGATIVE COEFFICIENT
ETHNIC GROUPS
DISCOUNT RATES
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
ETHNIC POLARIZATION
TERMS OF TRADE
POLITICAL ECONOMY
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
DEBT
SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
MORAL HAZARD
NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP
PROPERTY RIGHTS
COLLECTIVE ACTION
LORENZ CURVE
ETHNIC GROUP
EXOGENOUS CHANGES
MEASUREMENT ERROR
GINI COEFFICIENT
ECONOMIC POLICIES
MEAN VALUE
INEQUALITY DATA
POLITICAL SCIENCE LITERATURE
GOVERNMENT DECISION MAKING
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SOCIAL ISOLATION
POLICY RESEARCH
HIGH INFLATION
MEDIAN VOTERS
POLITICAL FREEDOMS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AGGREGATE INCOME
OIL
ALTERNATIVE POLICIES
INCOME LEVEL
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
ECONOMIC OUTCOMES
ETHNIC HOMOGENEITY
POLITICAL SCIENCE
COUNTRY COVERAGE
CREDITWORTHINESS
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
ETHNIC DIVISIONS
COMPETITIVENESS
AGRICULTURE
POLICY DECISIONS
PARLIAMENT
DEMOCRACY
ENFORCEABILITY
INCOME INEQUALITY
INCOME GROUPS
DEFICIT SPENDING
LAND OWNERSHIP
NEGATIVE EFFECT
POLITICAL CONFLICT
GDP
INCOME GROWTH
INCOME PER CAPITA
ECONOMIC EXCHANGE
ABSOLUTE VALUE
COEFFICIENT ESTIMATES
INVESTMENT CLIMATE
INCOME
PRIME MINISTER
MEDIAN VOTER
EMPIRICAL WORK
EXTERNAL SHOCKS
POLITICAL PARTIES
ASSET INEQUALITY
INEQUALITY MEASURES
LINK BETWEEN INEQUALITY AND GROWTH
ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES
GOVERNMENT DECISION-MAKING
INEQUALITY VARIABLES
INTEREST RATES
LINGUISTIC FRACTIONALIZATION
LINGUISTIC GROUP
POLICY MAKING
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
GOVERNMENT COMMITMENTS
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE
INEQUALITY COEFFICIENT
FREEDOM HOUSE
WEALTH POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
BUSINESS CYCLE
POSITIVE EFFECT
LAND INEQUALITY
PER CAPITA INCOME
SOCIAL CONFLICTS
SOCIAL CONFLICT
INTEREST RATE
CIVIL LIBERTIES
NET EFFECT
EXOGENOUS SHOCKS
INSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES
POLITICAL VIOLENCE
INEQUALITY OBSERVATIONS
SOCIAL POLARIZATION
INCOME TAXATION
VETO POWER
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
REVERSE CAUSATION
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
MONETARY POLICY
ETHNIC FRACTIONALIZATION
所有記錄
顯示完整的項目記錄Online Access
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19227Abstract
The literature argues that the presence
 of multiple veto players (government decisionmakers) with
 polarized interests increases the credibility of sovereign
 commitments, but reduces the ability of governments to
 adjust policies in the event of exogenous shocks that
 jeopardize their ability to honor their commitments. In the
 case of sovereign lending, if the first effect prevails,
 countries would be regarded as more creditworthy; if the
 second, less. The authors address two issues. First, using
 measures of country creditworthiness, they ask whether the
 net effect of multiple veto players is positive or negative.
 Second, though, the authors go beyond the existing
 literature to argue that the net effect of multiple veto
 players depends on the nature of social polarization in a
 country. In particular, they argue that political
 competition is fundamentally different in countries
 exhibiting ethnic polarization than in countries polarized
 according to income or wealth. The evidence supports the
 prediction that multiple veto players matter more when
 countries are more ethnically polarized, but less when
 income inequality is greater.Date
2014-08-01Type
Publications & ResearchIdentifier
oai:openknowledge.worldbank.org:10986/19227http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19227
Copyright/License
CC BY 3.0 IGO相關項目
顯示與標題,作者,創作者和主題相關的項目。
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Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?Easterly, William (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2014-08-27)High-quality institutions -- reflected in such factors as rule of law, bureaucratic quality, freedom from government expropriation, and freedom from government repudiation of contracts -- mitigate the adverse economic effects of ethnic fractionalization identified by Easterly and Levine (1997) and others. Ethnic diversity has a more adverse effect on economic policy and growth when a government's institutions are poor. But poor institutions have an even more adverse effect on growth and policy when ethnic diversity is high. In countries where the institutions are good enough, however, ethnic diversity does not lessen growth or worsen economic policies. Good institutions also reduce the risk of wars and genocides that might otherwise result from ethnic fractionalization. However, these forms of violence are not the channel through which ethnic fragmentation and its interaction with institutions affect economic growth. Ethnically diverse nations that want to endure in peace and prosperity must build good institutions.
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Measuring Inequality of
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 smarter social policy have reversed the trend in Latin
 America's poverty. Too slowly and insufficiently, but
 undeniably, the percentage of Latinos who are poor has at
 long last begun to fall. This has shifted the political and
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 be expected in a region that exhibits the world's most
 regressive distribution of development outcomes such as
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 book is a breakthrough in the measurement of human
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 rather simple question: how much influence do personal
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 Needless to say, producing a methodology to measure human
 opportunity, and applying it across countries in one region,
 is just a first step. On the one hand, technical discussions
 and scientific vetting will continue, and refinements will
 surely follow. On the other, applying the new tool to a
 single country will allow for adjustments that make the
 findings much more useful to its policy realities. And
 fascinating comparative lessons could be learned by
 measuring human opportunity in developed countries across,
 say, the states of the United States or the nations of
 Europe. But the main message this book delivers remains a
 powerful one: it is possible to make equity a central
 purpose, if not the very definition, of development. That
 is, perhaps, it's most important contribution.
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Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the CaribbeanMolinas Vega, Jose R.; Ferreira, Francisco H. G.; Saavedra Chanduvi, Jaime; Paes de Barros, Ricardo (World Bank, 2009)Over the past decade, faster growth and smarter social policy have reversed the trend in Latin America's poverty. Too slowly and insufficiently, but undeniably, the percentage of Latinos who are poor has at long last begun to fall. This has shifted the political and policy debates from poverty toward inequality, something to be expected in a region that exhibits the world's most regressive distribution of development outcomes such as income, land ownership, and educational achievement. This book is a breakthrough in the measurement of human opportunity. It builds sophisticated formulas to answer a rather simple question: how much influence do personal circumstances have on the access that children get to the basic services that are necessary for a productive life? Needless to say, producing a methodology to measure human opportunity, and applying it across countries in one region, is just a first step. On the one hand, technical discussions and scientific vetting will continue, and refinements will surely follow. On the other, applying the new tool to a single country will allow for adjustments that make the findings much more useful to its policy realities. And fascinating comparative lessons could be learned by measuring human opportunity in developed countries across, say, the states of the United States or the nations of Europe. But the main message this book delivers remains a powerful one: it is possible to make equity a central purpose, if not the very definition, of development. That is, perhaps, it's most important contribution.