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Proactive TransparencyThis paper identifies four primary
 drivers of proactive disclosure throughout history. The
 first is the need to inform the public about laws and
 decisions and the public's right to be informed, to
 know their rights and obligations. The second is the
 public's demand for the information needed to hold
 governments accountable both at and between elections. The
 third is the demand for information in order to participate
 actively in decision-making. The fourth is the provision to
 the public of information needed to access government
 services, which has expanded significantly in the past
 decade with growth of electronic access to services or
 'e-government.' This paper attempts to advance the
 debate around that question by analyzing the multiple
 proactive disclosure provisions in national law and
 international treaties in order to identify the emerging
 global consensus on the classes of information which should
 be included in a proactive disclosure regime. The paper
 examines the practical challenges related to the
 implementation of proactive disclosure regimes and some of
 the lessons learned from which principles for making
 proactive disclosure work in practice can be derived. It
 concludes by identifying some future challenges and areas
 where additional research is needed.
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Punjab Public Management Reform Program : Program for Results Operation, Detailed Technical AssessmentThis document includes the full Technical Assessment of the Punjab Public Management Reform Program. The Assessment is based on the technical analysis of the Program. It covers: the strategic relevance and technical soundness of the proposed Program; the Program's results framework and monitoring and evaluation; the Program s governance structure and institutional arrangements; and the economic justification of the Program. It also presents an evaluation of the technical risks, and defines the improvements proposed as part of the Program Action Plan.
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Closing the Feedback Loop : Can Technology Bridge the Accountability Gap?Enhanced transparency, accountability, and government or donor responsiveness to people needs are imperative to achieve better and more sustainable development results on the ground. The rapid spread of new technologies is transforming the daily lives of millions of poor people around the world and has the potential to be a real game changer for development. Improved accountability and responsiveness are critical for reaching the goals of eliminating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity with a focus on improving the well-being of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in society. Within the broader political economy context, many questions remain unanswered about the role that new technologies can play to act as an accelerator for closing the accountability gap. Within this context, this report brings together new evidence from leading academics and practitioners on the effects of technology-enabled citizen engagement. The report aims to address the following four main questions: how do new technologies empower communities through participation, transparency, and accountability?; are technologies an accelerator for closing the accountability gap - the space between supply (governments, service providers) and demand (citizens, communities,civil society organizations) that must be bridged for open and collaborative governance?; under what conditions does this occur?; and what are the experiences and lessons learned from existing grassroots innovators and donor-supported citizen engagement and crowdsourcing programs, and how can these programs be replicated or scaled up?. The report presents a theoretical framework about the linkages between new technologies, participation, empowerment, and the improvement of poor people's human well-being based on Amartya Sen's capability approach. The book provides rich case studies about the different factors that influence whether or not information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled citizen engagement programs can improve the delivery and quality of public services to poor communities. The report analyzes in depth both the factors and process of using new technologies to enhance the delivery of primary health services to pregnant women in Karnataka, India, and of several community mapping and crowdsourcing programs in Guinea, Haiti, Kenya, Libya, Sudan, and other countries.