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Jordan Country Gender Assessment : Economic Participation, Agency and Access to Justice in JordanOver the last three decades Jordan has
 made substantial investments in its human resources,
 spending more than 10 percent of Gross Domestic Product
 (GDP) on health and education. Like their male counterparts,
 women and girls have benefitted from these policies and
 their quality of life has improved. The Jordan Country
 Gender Assessment (CGA) has two primary objectives. The
 first is to assess gender imbalances in the areas of
 economic participation in the labor market, agency, and
 access to justice; provide a framework for policies or
 interventions to the Government of Jordan (GoJ) on
 addressing imbalances; and provide a basis for implementing
 the activities included in the Gender Action Plan (GAP). The
 second objective is to develop and strengthen partnerships
 with GoJ agencies, Civil Society Organization's (CSOs),
 and academic institutions to promote collaboration on
 addressing gender-related issues impacting development, and
 in particular to develop mechanisms for cooperation on
 implementation of the GAP. This CGA will further explore, in
 the Jordan country context, the argument that the
 considerable progress in human development in Jordan has not
 yet led to consistently higher women's participation in
 economic, political and social life, which in turn has
 slowed women's economic participation. Access to
 justice is directly linked to the issue of agency-whereas
 agency defines the legal and social boundaries of rights and
 practices, the concept of access to justice covers the tools
 and mechanisms aiding persons in exercising these rights.
 Obstacles to women exercising agency in Jordan are caused by
 a combination of the treatment of women versus men under
 applicable legal frameworks, with gaps further widened by
 restrictive social norms that can govern women's
 behavior. Recent legislative and regulatory reforms, if
 implemented effectively, have the potential to increase
 women's agency through expansion of rights and
 improvements in service delivery. Despite legal and social
 impediments to accessing land, levels of registration of
 land by women have been increasing in recent years.
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Making Everyone CountThe Philippines has made significant
 progress in empowering women and in advancing gender
 equality. The government's policy on gender equality
 and women's empowerment has prioritized women's
 economic empowerment, advancing human rights and enhancing
 gender-responsive local governance. All these priority
 concerns are integral components of poverty reduction
 programs in the Philippines. The Philippines has made
 significant progress in empowering women and in advancing
 gender equality. Since the government introduced a
 constitution in 1987 affirming the equality of women, it has
 pursued a number of initiatives to mainstream gender
 concerns in national policies and programs. A development
 plan for women was launched in 1987, followed by a plan for
 gender-responsive development, 1995-2025, coordinated by the
 National Commission on the Role of Filipino women. In 2004,
 the commission drafted a framework plan for women that
 identify three priority concerns to meet the objectives of
 gender equality and women's empowerment: economic
 empowerment of women, protection and fulfillment of
 women's human rights, and gender-responsive governance.
 Projects that support these priorities will facilitate more
 equitable development across the Philippines, including
 supporting the full participation of women in political
 processes and governance in the international and national
 local level, strengthening gender-sensitive and inclusive
 programs and mechanisms with civil society, and increasing
 women's access to economic resources such as capital,
 technology, information, markets, and training.
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Collective Action and Women's Agency : A Background PaperFollowing the findings and policy messages of the World Development Report (WDR) on gender equality and development 2012, the World Bankapos;s gender and development group are seeking to deepen the evidence base on promoting womenapos;s agency as a basis for enhanced action on gender equality. A component of this work is a review of evidence on the relationship between collective action and womenapos;s agency: whether and how different forms of collective action enhance womenapos;s ability to exercise agency in key domains and the operational implications for Bank policies and programs. The paper seeks to clarify the conceptual terrain of collective action; identify the links with womenapos;s agency; and draw lessons from the evidence on what works and what does not for boosting development and gender-equality outcomes. It draws attention on the somewhat smaller body of empirical research examining the mechanics of collective action and its links with economic and social wellbeing, particularly within developing societies. The findings are complex, but the overall conclusions are consistent with an emerging body of literature now questioning participation as a silver bullet in development and calling for more flexible, context-sensitive approaches for promoting agency, and empowerment.