中国高等教育改革与可持续发展

Abstract

历史上的高等教育改革，始终离不开一定的社会背景。将高等教育活动置于当代人类实现社会可持续发展的努力之中，吸收潘懋元教授所倡导的高等教育可持续发展观，在深入领会可持续发展实践的制约性，以及可持续发展理念、原则的启发性的基础上，探讨中国高等教育自身改革与发展的目标和策略，是本论文的研究视点。 本论文共分五章。前面两章，围绕社会可持续发展和高等教育自身可持续发展的理论问题，阐述了高等教育与可持续发展之间的本质联系；后面三章，着重从可持续发展的观点审视了当前中国高等教育宏观领域和微观领域紧迫的改革课题，试图形成若干合乎规律的改革思路。 首先，笔者围绕18世纪工业革命以来人类现代化进程与反现代化思潮的“世代纠葛”，回顾了可持续发展思想产生和发展的历史，指出可持续发展实践中包含着当代人类最重要的价值选择，实现可持续发展，不仅需要建立新的物质生产系统，而且需要建立新的精神生产系统。 在论文的第二章中，笔者认为，可持续发展理念的核心是“以人为本”，它表明对人的主体价值的认识正在发生重大转变：未来，人既是发展的手段，又是发展的目的。通过分析，笔者进一步提出当前存在三种层次的社会可持续发展实践的观点，并通过对这三种层次，特别是对“社会整体层次”的可持续发展实践的分析，阐述了发展“人”的必要性。显然，要将人的这种发展的可能性变为现实，离不开教育（高等教育）活动的全面参与。 在这一章里，笔者全面剖析了高等教育与社会可持续发展之间的辩证关系，认为这种关系表现为两个互相关联的方面，一个是高等教育如何促进社会可持续发展，另一个是高等教育自身的可持续发展。按照将来可持续发展社会的理想，上述两方面是一个整体，高等教育自身的可持续发展既是手段又是目的，社会可持续发展包含了高等教育自身的可持续发展，不过，根据当前及今后一段时期的社会现实，我们还达不到那种合二为一的程度，只能分别对二者加以研究，然后尽可能地将它们联系起来思考，具体讲，就是在推动高等教育自身发展的同时，满足实施社会可持续发展战略的需要。虽然，目前只是在某些特定的方面，社会可持续发展实践对高等教育发展构成直接的制约关系，但是，高等教育自身发展从目标到过程，显然应该并且能够从可持续发展的理念及原则中获得某种启示。于是，客观上，要求我们从可持续发展的制约与启发两个角度，去研究高等教育的改革与发展进程。 从制约与启发两个层面确立高等教育的可持续发展观，对认识和解决中国高等教育领域内现实而紧迫的课题，具有重大意义。由于归根结底，高等教育的可持续发展，一要求高等教育事业不断向前发展，二要求高等教育对象的发展潜力不断得到提升（其中，高教事业的持续发展为教育对象发展潜力的持续提升创造了条件，而教育对象发展潜力的持续提升为高教事业的持续发展标明了努力方向），因此，当前中国高等教育改革的焦点，应集中在持续推进高等教育大众化进程和构建新型人才培养机制这两大方面。于是，在论文的第三、第四和第五章，笔者依据可持续发展观，分别就中国高等教育发展战略的制定、人才培养模式的改革，以及大学素质教育的拓新等问题进行了若干探讨。 具体讲，论文第三章考察了建国以来中国高等教育发展战略演变的历史，从发展目标、发展原则和发展机制等战略构成要素出发，揭示了高等教育发展理念的变化轨迹。通过深入分析当前高等教育发展战略之不足，揭示它与高等教育大众化进程中业已暴露的矛盾、问题之间的关系，论文提出了必须转变高等教育发展理念的观点，并以可持续发展观为指导，阐明了未来发展理念的若干转变方向。 论文第四章，从提升人才发展潜力的目标出发，围绕人才的“自由拓展度”与“适应度”，系统地回顾了中国大学人才培养模式的变迁历程，在此基础上，分析了制约中国大学人才培养模式改革的诸方面因素。本章，笔者以专业设置方式、课程体系结构和教学管理制度为考察重点，对当前人才培养模式的弊端进行了深入探讨，并且客观地评价了相关领域的改革举措。最后，在可持续发展观的指导下，对今后人才培养模式的改革目标和改革策略提出了自己的建议。 由于大学素质教育对提高人才发展潜力，具有特殊意义，因此，论文第五章以之作为研究内容。笔者借助哈贝马斯对“大学理念”和“大学功能”两个概念的阐释，通过东西方高等教育思想的比较研究，深入探讨了大学素质教育的本质特征。论文提出了大学生应具备包含基础素质和专业素质在内的整合素质之观点，认为可持续发展理论与实践，既对学生的整合素质提出了要求，又为整合素质的形成创造了条件，因此，未来需要将可持续发展理念渗透到素质教育的实践之中，把教育对象的素质整合起来，更好地为实施社会可持续发展战略服务。在理论分析的基础上，论文对中国的大学素质教育实践提出了若干建议，譬如应深化对素质和素质教育内涵的理解、改革大学人才培养模式、培育创新文化等等。 概括起来，本论文的基本观点是，应从大处着眼，围绕着实现社会可持续发展这个根本目标，展开高等教育改革。这样做，不仅使高等教育能够始终不渝地为社会发展服务，而且也为高等教育自身发展目标和策略的合理选择，提供了方向性的指导。

Historical innovation in higher education can’t depart from definite social background eventually. According to the point of view in this thesis, penman prepare to research higher education at the angle of social sustainable development, in the process, we should absorb the view of point on sustainable development in higher education itself sparked by Professor Pan Mao Yuan. Say in detail, we should grasp the restriction from practice in sustainable development and the illumination from ideal as well as principle of sustainable development. This thesis concludes five chapters. The front two chapters open out the essential connection between higher education and sustainable development, encircling the theories of social sustainable development and self sustainable development in higher education; The latter three chapters, survey the necessitous tasks in the macro and micro fields of Chinese higher education from view of sustainable development, and try to produce reforming thoughts correspond to the laws. At the first, surrounding “imbroglio” between modernization and the trend of thought anti-modernization, penman reviews the history that the sustainable development ideal produced. Penman point out that practice of sustainable development conclude the most important choice in value, fulfilling sustainable development, not only need to establish new material productive system, but also need to establish new mental productive system. In the second chapter, penman think, as to sustainable development, the core of ideal is “Man is ultimate”, it indicates that important change in value point to main body is happening. In the future, Man is not only means, but also aim. Through analysis, penman brings forward more that currently there are three view of points on practice of social sustainable development, and expound the necessity of developing Man through analysis to practice of social sustainable development in the holistic level. By all appearance, make the developmental possibility become realization can’t depart from entirely participation of education (higher education). In this chapter, penman entirely takes part the dialectic connection, think that this connection conclude two associated aspects, one is how to accelerate social sustainable development, the other is sustainable development in higher education itself. According to the ideal in future society being sustainable development, so you say two aspects is a whole, sustainable development in higher education itself is not only means but also aim, social sustainable development contains sustainable development in higher education itself. But, thinking the current facts, it’s impossible to combine the two aspects, we can but research them separately, and then contact them for thinking as deeply as possible. Say in detail, it means that at the same time promote development in higher education self, we will satisfy the necessity of social sustainable development. Although at present, just in some special aspect, practice in social sustainable development restrict directly development in higher education, but, from aim to process, development in higher education itself can get some revelation hail from the ideal and principle of sustainable development. Therefore, in object, it requires us to research the process of innovation and development in higher education at the angle of restriction and illumination of sustainable development. From the two lays of restriction and illumination, establishing the view of sustainable development in higher education itself has great significance to understand and solve hot task in the field of Chinese higher education. Because in the final analysis, sustainable development in higher education on the one hand require continuous promotion to enterprise in higher education, on the other hand, require continuous enhancement in student’s developmental potential, therefore, the focus on current innovation in higher education should concentrate on two important aspects. One is accelerating popular higher education continuously, the other is constructing new cultivated system. Therefore, in the third, fourth and fifth chapter, penman according as the view of sustainable development, carry through some discuss on the stratagem of Chinese higher education, innovation of cultivated system, and renovation of university quality education. Say in detail, in the third chapter, this thesis reviews the evolutive history in stratagem of Chinese higher education since nation founded. Through researching these elements of stratagem, such as developmental aim, developmental principle, developmental mechanism etc., it opens out the moving track of developmental ideal in higher education. After analyzing thoroughly contradiction and problems in the course of popular higher education, and find out the relation between these conflicts and the stratagem in higher education, this thesis point out that we must change developmental ideal in higher education, produce new ideal directed by the view of sustainable development. In the fourth chapter, penman brings forward this view of point that student’s potential composed of student’s “developmental degree at large” and “adaptive degree”, and look back the evolutive process of cultivated mode in Chinese university by the numbers, at the angle of constructing student’s developmental potential. On the basis of historical research, this thesis construes the factors restricting innovation of student’s cultivated mode in Chinese universities, discusses abuse in the course of bringing up students, and evaluates related innovation curtly. Finally, directed by the view of sustainable development, penman brings forward some suggestion on the aim and strategy of innovation. Because quality education in university has special significance to promote student’s developmental potential, therefore, in the fifth chapter penman’s research concentrates on this field. This thesis discusses thoroughly the essential character of quality education in university in virtue of two concepts: “university ideal” and “university function”, through international comparative study. The thesis brings forward this point that student’s integrated quality should compose of basic quality and professional quality, thinks that the theory and practice in sustainable development, not only demand student’s integrated quality, but also provide condition. Therefore, in the future we should filter the ideal into practice of quality education, integrate student’s basic quality and professional quality, service stratagem in social sustainable development. On the basis of academic analysis, this thesis produces some suggestion to intending quality education, such as deepening comprehension to quality and quality education, updating cultivated mode in university, breeding creative culture etc. In conclusion, the ultimate view of this thesis is that we should carry innovation in higher education into execution for the purpose of fulfilling the essential aim in social sustainable development, we should consider developmental issues from sticking point. Following that, not only make higher education service social development all the time, but also provide important direction to choose the developmental aim and developmental strategy in higher education.

学位：教育学博士

院系专业：高等教育科学研究所_高等教育学

学号：B199817001