CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TEXT AND RECEPTION OF KOŽIČIĆ’S SPEECH DE CORUATIAE DESOLATIONE

Abstract

Od dvaju latinskih govora Šimuna Kožičića Benje onaj naslovljen De Coruatiae desolatione (Opustošena Hrvatska, Rim, 1516) dosad se smatrao samo djelomično sačuvanim; u ovom radu pokazuje se da je ipak sačuvan u cijelosti. Nakon prikaza sadržaja Opustošene Hrvatske ocrtava se koncilski i međunarodni kontekst u kojem su oba Kožičićeva govora nastala. Prvi govor održao je Kožičić 27. IV. 1513. kao prvi govornik u nastavku Petoga lateranskoga koncila, nakon izbora novoga pape Leona X. No i drugi govor, održan 5. XI. 1516, izvan koncilskog zasjedanja, pojavljuje se u važnu trenutku: nedugo nakon sklapanja bolonjskoga konkordata, a malo prije nego što je taj sporazum pape i francuskoga kralja službeno prihvaćen na koncilu. Usporedbom dvaju govora zapažaju se zanimljive razlike. U govoru iz 1513. Kožičićevo je izlaganje preglednije i više je vezano za koncilske teme; u novom papi govornik vidi novu nadu za Crkvu i za obranu od Turaka. Govor iz 1516. znatno je kraći, a poglavita mu je svrha potaknuti križarski pohod; Leonu X. govornik se sada obraća oštrim opomenama, gotovo prijetnjama. Možda baš zbog prigovora papi, ali i zbog pohvala upućenih Francuzima kao negdašnjim predvodnicima križarskih pohoda, govor De Coruatiae desolatione imao je znatnu recepciju u Francuskoj. Dosad se znalo da je latinski izvornik tiskan i u Parizu (vjerojatni nedugo nakon rimskog izdanja), no ovdje se prvi put iznose podatci o francuskom prijevodu Kožičićeva govora. Taj je prijevod objavljen 1518, 1560. i 1561, ali ne samostalno, nego u zbornicima političkih pamfleta koji se tiču obrane galikanskih sloboština. Za povijest hrvatske književnosti izdanje iz 1518. napose je važno kao vrlo rani (možda i prvi) prijevod djela kojega hrvatskog književnika na francuski. U prilogu nakon studije daje se kritičko izdanje integralnoga latinskog teksta i njegov prijevod na hrvatski.

Out of the two Šimun Kožičić Benja’s Latin speeches the one titled De Coruatiae desolatione (Croatia Devastated, 1516) has until now been considered to be only partially preserved. This paper demonstrates that it has been fully preserved. After an overview of the content of Croatia Devastated, the Council and international context in which both of Kožičić’s speeches were created is outlined. He gave the first speech on 27th April 1513 as the first speaker in the continuation of the Fifth Lateran Council, after the election of the new Pope, Leo X. However, the second speech given on 5th November 1516, outside the Council, also came at an important moment: shortly after the conclusion of the Concordat of Bologna and shortly before its official acceptance by the Council. Analysis reveals certain differences between the two speeches: in the 1513 speech Kožičić’s presentation had a better layout and was more related to the Council topics and the speaker saw a new hope for the Church and defence from the Turks in the new Pope. The speech from 1516 was significantly shorter and its main purpose was to start a crusade; the speaker addresses Leo X with strong admonitions, almost threats. Besides in Rome in 1516, the De Coruatiae desolatione speech was also published in Paris, probably in 1517. However, until now it was unknown that it was printed in French translation in 1518; this translation was reprinted in 1560 and 1561. The editions from 1518, 1560 and 1561 were in fact proceedings of political pamphlets relating to the defence of Galician fraternities, that is, the struggle of the French estates for rights against the Pope and King himself. Kožičić’s strong admonitions to Leo X (but also praise of French as the past leaders of the crusades) must have fit well the anti-Pope mood that grew stronger in France after the Concordat of Bologna in 1516, and the Parisian publishers included his speech into such proceedings. The 1518 edition is of unique value for Croatian literature because it is a very early – maybe even the first – translation of a Croatian author to French. A critical edition of an integral Latin text and its translation to Croatian is given in the Appendix.