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Improving Labor Market Outcomes for Poor and Vulnerable Groups in MongoliaMongolia has experienced strong economic
 growth and declining poverty in the past. With the
 implementation of the law on employment promotion in 2011,
 the Government of Mongolia provided the legal base for a set
 of employment promotion programs. By means of these
 programs, different vulnerable labor market groups are
 addressed, ranging from graduates to disabled, older
 workers, herders, and unskilled job seekers. The objective
 of the report is to describe and analyze labor market
 outcomes for different groups of the population in Mongolia,
 with a particular focus on poor and vulnerable households,
 and present a set of policy interventions to strengthen the
 labor market participation and integration of currently
 unemployed or inactive adults. The focus of the report is on
 supply side issues of the labor market. In order to better
 understand the mechanisms driving labor market outcomes, a
 prospective qualitative analysis is already planned to
 complement the present quantitative analysis. The report is
 structured as follows: section one gives introduction.
 Section two provides the country context in terms of
 economic and demographic developments and the
 characteristics of the Mongolian labor market. The empirical
 analysis is presented in section three. In section four the
 existing labor market policies in Mongolia are mapped and
 their challenges discussed. Finally, section five concludes
 and recommends a set of policy measures to further improve
 the labor market outcomes of poor and vulnerable groups.
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Mexico - Improving Productivity for the Urban PoorThis report is part of an ongoing
 dialogue between the World Bank and Secretaria de Desarrollo
 Social (SEDESOL) on poverty reduction. It builds on the
 findings and messages of the World Bank poverty programmatic
 reports, which included a poverty assessment, detailed
 follow-up analysis of urban and rural poverty, social
 protection, and poverty and decentralization. This report
 responds to a request from the SEDESOL for support in
 refining its programmatic approach to poverty reduction via
 further analysis and more detailed recommendations and
 guidance regarding the next generation of poverty
 reduction/social development programs. This report is the
 first of three technical pieces agreed with SEDESOL as part
 of the work program on increasing the productivity of the
 poor. The two remaining pieces are: a) reviewing
 international evidence and experience on selected policies
 and programs; and b) developing the implication for social
 development/poverty reduction policies and programs in
 Mexico. This report begins with a short summary of main
 findings. Chapter one analyzes recent trends in urban
 poverty, with emphasis in the recovery in poverty levels
 after the mid-1990s peso crisis. Chapter two discusses the
 characteristics of the urban poor and their labor market
 performance. Chapter three reviews the legal and regulatory
 environment and its affects on labor market performance.
 Chapters four to six provide assessments of selected
 interventions to improve the income and job opportunities of
 the poor, and offers suggestions that could better their
 results. The last chapter concludes and discusses areas of
 future work.
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Labor Market Policies under a Youth Bulge : How to Benefit from Demographic Dividend in PakistanThis paper assesses labor market trends
 and outcomes in Pakistan over the past decade. It shows that
 despite a high rate of employment growth, labor market
 outcomes have been disappointing: most jobs have been
 created in low productivity sectors/activities, and even if
 they provide a minimum level of income to often avoid
 poverty, they remain low quality jobs providing little or no
 protection to workers against shocks. In addition, female
 participation rates for women are very low and there are
 large income disparities between rural and urban areas, and
 across sectors. A fundamental part of the problem is the low
 level of education of the labor force. Pakistan is currently
 in the midst of a demographic transition that is bringing a
 growing number of youth into the labor market. This youth
 bulge that is unwinding opens both challenges and
 opportunities. Challenges because of the need to create
 enough jobs to employ new entrants; Opportunities, because
 if this is done the country will enjoy a demographic
 dividend , as the share of those employed relative to the
 dependent increases, driving up income per capita and
 standards of living.