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MDG Achievements, Determinants and Resource Needs : What Has Been Learnt?This paper reviews the effectiveness and
 efficiency of key policy instruments for the achievement of
 the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Based on a simple
 cross-country regression analysis, the paper argues that
 average Millennium Development Goal progress is likely to be
 too slow to meet education and health sector targets in a
 number of developing countries. The paper further shows that
 MDG achievement can be described by a transition path with
 declining rates of progress. More detailed analysis reveals
 that the transition toward universal primary school
 enrollment in poor countries with low initial enrollment has
 accelerated considerably in the more recent past. The main
 part of the paper then focuses on the role of demand versus
 supply-side factors in social service utilization in
 education and health. The review arrives at the following
 rules of thumb that reflect some of the key determinants of
 achievement of the Millennium Development Goals: First,
 specific single policy interventions can have a considerable
 impact on social service utilization and specific human
 development outcomes. For example, improving access to basic
 health services, in particular to vaccination, has been a
 key factor in reducing child mortality rates in a number of
 very poor countries. Second, demand-side policies have
 proved extremely effective, for example in raising school
 enrollment and attainment levels. However, there may be more
 scope for targeting the demand-side in the health sector.
 Third, policy effectiveness and efficiency are highly
 dependent on initial conditions and the specificities of the
 respective policy. Fourth, complementarities between MDG
 targets, in particular social service utilization, are
 likely to be very important.
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Education for all in Bangladesh : Where does Bangladesh Stand in Terms of Achieving the EFA Goals by 2015?The objectives of this policy note are
 twofold: first, take stock of where Bangladesh stands in
 terms of achieving the Education For All (EFA) goals; and
 second, suggest policy recommendations that could help
 Bangladesh to meet the EFA goals by 2015. The policy note
 will focus mainly on: 1) universal primary enrollment for
 all children; 2) universal primary completion; 3) gender
 parity in education; 4) adult literacy; and 5) quality of
 education. This is because these areas can be more
 meaningfully analyzed with reasonably reliable information
 from various sources. Bangladesh is unlikely to achieve
 universal primary enrollment and completion by 2015 if the
 current trends in access and completion do not improve.
 Progress in school quality is more difficult to assess
 because of the lack of systematic assessment and monitoring
 of learning achievement results. The government continues to
 be the main provider and financer of primary education.
 Improving the overall quality of schooling is a pressing
 task in order to substantially raise enrollment and help
 more children complete primary school with the appropriate
 skills in literacy and numeracy. Bangladesh has made
 progress towards increasing both primary and secondary
 enrollment and has already reached gender parity in both
 education levels.
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Achieving Shared Prosperity in KenyaThis book is organized around three overarching themes under which various topics are aggregated. The first concerns human development and resilience, and discusses issues related to poverty, education, health and social safety nets. This is the human chapter, dealing with crucial areas that are central for the successful development of individual Kenyans. The second theme, growth and competitiveness, delves into the structural issues that need attention for the economy to grow and become more competitive in the international scene. This section of the book discusses needs for infrastructure investments and energy development, along with steps Kenya needs to take to unleash its export potential. The third theme, governance, addresses issues around strengthening public financial management, improving transparency and accountability, and consolidating judicial reform.