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Mitigating the Impact of the Crisis on EducationThis report reviews the tools and mechanisms which could contribute to offsetting the negative effects of the current crisis on primary school outcomes in Madagascar. In a context of rapid deterioration of key education indicators, including enrollment and survival, key education stakeholders are faced with the challenging task of identifying tools and mechanisms that may contribute to rapidly restoring access to education. While a variety of programs have been implemented in the past, limited evidence exists on their potential impact on key factors influencing school outcomes. In addition, given the limited domestic and international resources at the disposal of policy-makers, priorities need to be established that will focus on the most urgent and important aspects of the current situation. This report aims at providing key stakeholders in the sector with information on existing tools and mechanisms that could potentially be used to put a halt to the rapid decline of the sectors. The analysis also identifies interventions with a strong potential to offset the effects of the crisis over the short and medium term.
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Abolishing School Fees in Africa :
 Lessons from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and MozambiqueThis book constitutes one of the main
 outputs of the School Fee Abolition Initiative (SFAI). The
 initiative, launched in 2005 by the United Nations
 Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank, was
 designed to support countries in maintaining and
 accelerating progress toward universal primary education as
 outlined in the Millennium Development Goals and the
 Education for All (EFA) goals. Specifically, SFAI
 strengthens country efforts to eliminate school fees and/or
 implement targeted exemptions, subsidizations, and
 incentives to reduce education costs for the poor. The
 initiative has now grown into a broad partnership through
 the involvement of other key development partners and
 constituencies as well as research and academic
 institutions. SFAI promotes access to quality basic
 education worldwide through three specific and interlinked
 goals. The first is to construct a knowledge base on school
 fee abolition in order to inform sound and sustainable
 policies, strategies, and interventions. SFAI recognizes
 that school fee abolition is a complex process that requires
 both the development of a credible database and the solid
 analysis that builds on lessons learned from experience. The
 second goal is to provide guidance and support to countries
 in planning and implementing school fee abolition policies.
 Engagement by SFAI partners is taking the form of both
 technical and financial assistance within the framework of
 ongoing national planning processes. The third goal is to
 advance the global policy dialogue on the financial barriers
 to education access and to build on existing EFA
 partnerships. The result will ensure a good understanding of
 the complexities involved in school fee abolition,
 facilitate the articulation of complementary roles, and
 create an environment for success.
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Can Free Provision Reduce Demand for Public Services? Evidence from Kenyan EducationIn 2003 Kenya abolished user fees in all
 government primary schools. Analysis of household survey
 data shows this policy contributed to a shift in demand away
 from free schools, where net enrollment stagnated after
 2003, toward fee-charging private schools, where both
 enrollment and fee levels grew rapidly after 2003. These
 shifts had mixed distributional consequences. Enrollment by
 poorer households increased, but segregation between
 socio-economic groups also increased. The shift in demand
 toward private schooling was driven by more affluent
 households who (i) paid higher ex ante fees and thus
 experienced a larger reduction in school funding, and (ii)
 appear to have exited public schools partially in reaction
 to increased enrollment by poorer children.