How to Interpret the Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, or Waste of Resources?
Keywords
PARENTAL CHOICETUITION
INDIVIDUAL LEARNER
GRADE REPETITION
UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE
FORMAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS
PREPARATORY SCHOOLS
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MIDDLE SCHOOL
PERFORMANCE AT SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
PRODUCTIVITY
REGIONAL WORKSHOP
CHILD CARE
COLLEGE EDUCATION
PRIVATE TUTORING
INSTRUCTION
INTERVENTIONS
UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMS
SCHOOL SIZE
QUALITY OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION AGENDA
STUDENT SATISFACTION
DEMAND FOR EDUCATION
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
REMEDIAL EDUCATION
SCHOOL TEACHER
HOUSEHOLD SPENDING
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
TUTORING PROGRAMS
LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
SYLLABI
SCHOOL QUALITY
MARKET ECONOMY
ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION
READING
STUDENT ASSESSMENT
EDUCATION SYSTEM
STANDARDIZED TESTS
SCHOOL LEVEL
SCHOOL VOUCHERS
SCHOOLING
CONSUMER
ENROLLMENT
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
RATES OF RETURN
PRIMARY SCHOOL
WAGE
LITERATURE
EDUCATION REFORM
TUTORING
ACHIEVEMENTS
RETURNS TO EDUCATION
SCHOOL LEARNING
LEARNING
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
CONTRIBUTIONS
EDUCATION OUTCOMES
SCHOOL EDUCATION
SCHOOL ACTIVITIES
REPETITION RATES
RESEARCH EVALUATION
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
EFFECTIVE EDUCATION
CURRICULUM
SCHOOLS
COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
EARLY GRADES
FORMAL SCHOOLING
STUDENT PERFORMANCE
EXAM
JOB MARKET
COMMUNITY FINANCING
DELIVERY MECHANISM
FORMAL EDUCATION
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
STUDENT OUTCOMES
DISSERTATION
RESEARCHERS
EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION
EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION POLICIES
READING ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ATTENDANCE
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
EDUCATION PROGRAMS
PRIMARY SCHOOLS
HUMAN CAPITAL
FORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR
SHORT COURSES
PUBLIC SCHOOLING
SCIENCE STUDY
PRIVATE SCHOOLS
LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES
GROSS ENROLMENT
EDUCATION QUALITY
REGULAR CLASSROOM
HIGHER EDUCATION
EDUCATION SYSTEMS
ACADEMIC SUBJECTS
INCOME LEVELS
LITERACY
LAW SCHOOLS
ACADEMIC RANKING
REASONING
EXPENDITURES
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
CONSUMERS
YOUTH
LOW-INCOME
STUDENT LEARNING
POOR PEOPLE
ENROLLMENT RATES
GIRLS
SECONDARY EDUCATION
SECONDARY SCHOOL
EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES
EDUCATION POLICY
GENDER INEQUALITY
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY
HOMEWORK
TRAINING COURSES
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
LEVELS OF EDUCATION
UPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS
PUBLISHERS
URBAN SCHOOLS
PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS
PRIVATE EDUCATION
SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN
SCHOOL HOURS
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
PRIVATE SCHOOLING
CULTURAL VALUES
SCHOOL REFORM
PRIMARY STUDENTS
EDUCATIONAL SUBSIDIES
ADOLESCENTS
EMPLOYMENT
PUBLIC SCHOOL
INVESTING
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
PRIVATE SCHOOL
LABOR MARKET
PARENTAL EDUCATION
PAPERS
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
EDUCATIONAL POLICY
EDUCATION SECTOR
UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS
HIGH SCHOOL
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
HIGHER INCOMES
CLASSROOM TEACHERS
ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION
FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS
COLLEGE STUDENTS
SCHOOL CHILDREN
CHILD LABOR
STUDENT ASSESSMENTS
STOCK EXCHANGE
SCHOOL-LEAVING EXAMINATIONS
PROBABILITY
PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
INCOME
EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
REGULAR TEACHERS
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
TEST SCORES
INSTRUCTIONAL TIME
STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS
RETIRED
SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
SCHOOL TEACHERS
TEACHER
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
SCHOOL AGE
GROSS ENROLLMENT
EDUCATION ECONOMICS
CORRESPONDENCE COURSE
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN
SECONDARY STUDENTS
TUTORS
COLLEGES
PRIMARY-SCHOOL
HIGH SCHOOLS
RURAL AREAS
REPETITION
RURAL SCHOOLS
PRIMARY EDUCATION
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
UNIVERSITIES
GROSS ENROLMENT RATES
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
MATH
EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
CLASS SIZES
TEACHERS
MATHEMATICS
BASIC SKILLS
EDUCATION EXPERTS
COLLEGE ENTRANCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
SCHOOL FINANCE
Full record
Show full item recordOnline Access
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587Abstract
Private tutoring is now a major
 component of the education sector in many developing
 countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and
 makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against
 private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social
 inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes.
 This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private
 tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors
 that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in
 improving student academic performance. It also presents a
 framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of
 tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the
 effectiveness of the education system under certain
 reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity
 concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption
 and other problems that diminish the contributions of the
 tutoring sector.Date
2012-05-29Type
Publications & ResearchIdentifier
oai:openknowledge.worldbank.org:10986/6587http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6587
Copyright/License
CC BY 3.0 IGORelated items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
-
The Role and Impact of
 Public-Private Partnerships in EducationGuaqueta, Juliana; Barrera-Osorio, Felipe; Patrinos, Harry Anthony (World Bank, 2012-03-19)The book examines five ways through
 which public-private contracts can help countries meet
 education goals. First, public-private partnerships can
 increase access to good quality education for all,
 especially for poor children who live in remote, underserved
 communities and for children in minority populations.
 Second, lessons for innovative means of financing education
 can be particularly helpful in post-conflict countries
 undergoing reconstruction. Third, lessons about what works
 in terms of public-private partnerships contribute to the
 development of a more differentiated business model
 especially for middle-income countries. Fourth, the
 challenge of meeting the education Millennium Development
 Goals in less than a decade is a daunting one in the poorest
 countries. Understanding new partnership arrangements within
 a broad international aid architecture in education can help
 bring us closer to those goals. Fifth, some very innovative
 public-private partnership arrangements are happening in
 Arab countries, and lessons can be drawn from their experience.
-
Emerging Evidence on Vouchers and
 Faith-based Providers in Education : Case Studies from
 Africa, Latin America, and AsiaWodon, Quentin; Barrera-Osorio, Felipe; Patrinos, Harry Anthony (World Bank, 2012-03-19)The case studies in this book provide
 useful information on the characteristics of students and
 the performance of various types of schools that benefit
 from public-private partnerships. While these case studies
 are empirically grounded, their results are not necessarily
 of universal application, because context also matters. The
 authors are careful to point out that while one of the case
 studies is based on an experiment, the other case studies
 use instruments or matching methods that have their
 limitations. Yet a key result from this work is that sound
 analyses of existing data are feasible and can yield useful
 conclusions about the contribution that private service
 providers can offer to educational development. These case
 studies will encourage more researchers to undertake similar
 work to demonstrate the many options that developing
 countries have to reach their education goals.
-
Emerging Evidence on Vouchers and Faith-based Providers in Education : Case Studies from Africa, Latin America, and AsiaWodon, Quentin; Patrinos, Harry Anthony; Barrera-Osorio, Felipe (World Bank, 2012-03-19)The case studies in this book provide useful information on the characteristics of students and the performance of various types of schools that benefit from public-private partnerships. While these case studies are empirically grounded, their results are not necessarily of universal application, because context also matters. The authors are careful to point out that while one of the case studies is based on an experiment, the other case studies use instruments or matching methods that have their limitations. Yet a key result from this work is that sound analyses of existing data are feasible and can yield useful conclusions about the contribution that private service providers can offer to educational development. These case studies will encourage more researchers to undertake similar work to demonstrate the many options that developing countries have to reach their education goals.