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Sustainability of Healthcare Financing in the Western Balkans : An Overview of Progress and ChallengesThis paper explores the major challenges
 to the sustainability of health sector financing in the
 countries of the Western Balkans - Albania, Bosnia and
 Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
 Montenegro, Serbia and the province of Kosovo. It focuses on
 how the incentives created by the different elements of the
 healthcare financing system affect the behavior of
 healthcare providers and individuals, and the resulting
 inefficiencies in revenue collection and expenditure
 containment. The paper analyzes patterns of healthcare
 expenditure, finding that there is some evidence of cost
 containment, but that current expenditure levels - while
 similar to that in EU countries as a share of GDP - are low
 in per capita terms and the fiscal space to increase
 expenditures is extremely limited. It also examines the key
 drivers of current healthcare expenditure and the most
 significant barriers to revenue generation, identifying some
 key health reforms that countries in the sub-region could
 consider in order to enhance the efficiency and
 sustainability of their health systems. Data are drawn from
 international databases, country institutions, and household surveys.
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Enhancing Efficiency and Equity : Challenges and Reform Opportunities Facing Health and Pension Systems in the Western BalkansThis collection of papers explores the
 major challenges to the sustainability of health and pension
 system financing in the countries of the Western Balkans -
 Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav
 Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and the province
 of Kosovo. It focuses on how the incentives created by the
 different elements of the financing arrangements affect the
 behavior of providers and individuals, and the resulting
 inefficiencies in revenue collection and expenditure
 containment. The volume commences with an analysis of
 healthcare financing, exploring patterns of healthcare
 expenditure, and examining the key drivers of current
 healthcare expenditure and the most significant barriers to
 revenue generation. Subsequent chapters give special
 attention to provider payment mechanisms and the
 pharmaceutical sector. Equity considerations are highlighted
 in a chapter that explores the protection that is offered
 against the financial impact of health expenditures. With
 respect to the pension sector, the volume provides an
 overview of national pension systems and outlines the main
 challenges to achieving a sustainable balance between
 pension benefits and costs. The analyses of the health and
 pension reform process are placed within the context of the
 labor market challenges in the sub-region, especially as
 they relate to the ability to raise revenue for health and
 pensions through payroll contributions. All chapters
 conclude by identifying some reforms that countries in the
 sub-region could consider in order to enhance the efficiency
 and sustainability of their systems. Data are drawn from
 international databases, country institutions, and household surveys.
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Universal Health Coverage for Inclusive and Sustainable Development : Country Summary Report for PeruPeru is an upper middle-income country
 that has experienced fast economic growth (average of 6.9
 percent per year from 2004 to 2013, according World
 Developing Indicators, WDI) combined with a reduction in
 poverty and inequality over the past decade. Economic growth
 was led by exports and domestic demand, generating an
 increase in private investment, attracting foreign capital,
 and strengthening public finances. The population living in
 poverty and extreme poverty fell from 58.7 percent and 16.4
 percent in 2004 to 25.8 percent and 6 percent in 2012,
 respectively (INEI 2014a). Inequality has also decreased,
 with the Gini index declining from 0.503 in 2004 to 0.48.1
 in 2010 (WDI).