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Inconsistencies and Challenges around 'Secularism' in NepalAlthough Nepal adopted secularism in 2015 as its official state-religion relationship, there are still several inconsistencies and challenges around it including that of freedom of religion or belief. Instead of adopting a gradual marginalization and privatization of religion as per the normative proposition of the secularism, Nepal continues to do the opposite or at times, make a fundamental departure from the notion of secular identity. The preservation and the reaffirmation of presence of religion in public sphere and preferential treatment to Hindu  religion at the cost of others continues to create discrimination and pose challenges to implement secularism. These problems do not only seem to remain just non-congruent inconsistencies with the secular identity of the state at the theoretical level alone, but also seem to hinder inter-religious tolerance in practical terms such as right to freely profess, practice and preach religion, thereby impacting the lives of the religious minorities. Against this backdrop, this article examines the key legal-constitutional inconsistencies including state's practices, antagonistic socio-political narratives, and emerging challenges vis-à-vis secularism in Nepal.   
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Immanuel Kant’s idea of radical evil as a systematic and terminological problemThe paper investigates the systematic connection between Kantian concept of radical evil and radical indeterministic idea of freedom. According to the presented thesis the systematically relevant interpretation of the radical evil concept requires considering not only philosophical ideas Kant`s but also the historic background in which they were formulated. Particularly the specific situation of German philosophic terminology in the 17th and early 18th Century will be acknowledged as one of the most significant factors influencing the development of the radical evil concept. For the sake of methodological precision of the presented analysis, the differentiation between thick and thin concept of evil will be introduced.
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O Caminho da Cura Interior Adesão Religiosa e Reinvenção Pessoal, na Conexão: Subjetividade e Nova Postura ÉticaO que se vai ler centra-se no estudo dos motivos que impulsionam as pessoas a se decidirem pela adesão à Renovação Carismática Católica. Trata-se de discussão interdisciplinar na compreensão do processo por que passa o sujeito na dinâmica da adesão. É, pois, com os instrumentos das ciências sociais e da psicologia, bem como os da psicanálise freudiana, que se empreende esse trabalho, por entender que as categorias dessa abordagem teórica, se complementam para o entendimento da adesão na sua amplitude total. A subjetividade consciente e inconsciente incentivando a adesão e a nova postura ética, como conseqüência do processo, constituem a força motora do estudo. Assim, o homem dialético de Freud e Durkheim, na sua parcialidade de fragilidade e potência, determina o trabalho empírico e as conclusões analíticas. Discute-se a motivação subjetiva como a força de atração, determinante do trânsito religioso para a RCC e a permanência do fiel nesse grupo, que é processual. Narram-se as identificações realizadas, as identidades renovadas, as auto-imagens redefinidas, para resultar em nova opção ética. Identifica-se o homem que vive esse processo, na sua dicotomia de fragilidade e reatividade, do desamparo e atitude onipotente. Frágil, porque sofredor e reativo na sua força moral, individual e coletiva, como vê Durkheim. Constitucionalmente desamparado e se defendendo disso com a sua pulsão megalômana, na concepção freudiana. Esse homem quer alívio para seu sofrimento e busca na RCC, cura para seus males. A abordagem da oferta carismática se volta para a possibilidade de responder às expectativas dos fiéis. Reflete-se sobre as transformações dos adeptos e possíveis pontos de intersecção entre a terapêutica da RCC e as psicoterapias convencionais da psicologia. No empenho para compreender o fenômeno da reconstrução do sujeito, a partir da adesão ao movimento renovador carismático, relata-se a contribuição que a psicologia pode dar a esse estudo, bem como, a possibilidade de receber subsídios para a sua tarefa de elucidar a dimensão psíquica do homem.
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Religious imperatives as a correlate of the development of human potential and the economic capital of societySubject and purpose of work: This article studies the role of religion in economic development. Even though it is obvious that religion plays a vital role in economic development because a healthy economy requires that all people view one another with dignity, there are still some questions which need to be answered like - why wealthier nations trend/tend to be less religious, and does economic development (as a matter of fact) cause individuals to become less religious in today's world? Materials and methods: The research is based on universal methods of formal logic and scientific abstraction, basics of innovation science, investment science and institutional economics, systemic, structural-functional and synergetic approaches as well as information sources of the World Economic Forum. Results: The authors' hypothesis about the influence of religion and religious values which stands behind rapid economic growth is shown to be substantiated. Conclusions: In conclusion, we can state that there is strong negative correlation between GDP per capita and the importance of religion in the state, but, on the other hand, in most societies religious values were the main push factor of economic growth.
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Confucius principles as an essential element of Chinese management cultureChina is known for its diverse philosophical heritage. 2500 years ago in China at the end of the period of "one hundred schools" morethan 10 philosophical doctrines were formed and Confucianism became the most prominent and widespread philosophical teaching. Inthis article core Confucius principles and their importance in modern Chinese management culture are discussed. Confucius philosophyis distinguished by its vitality – it survived throughout the 2500 years of history and was given a status of national ideology in variousAsian societies. Moreover, the Confucian system of values is recognized as the main cultural component of the rapid economic progressof China and other Asian countries. Confucianism is a system of ethical and social behavioral norms and advocates the principles ofharmony, benevolence, and hierarchy. In modern China, Western management principles are gradually being introduced, newideological attitudes are emerging, and a new Chinese-Western management style is being formed. However, many elements of theConfucian value system will be popular regardless of anything: Confucian principles serve as ethical guidance for Chinese businesssociety and are key in building successful cooperation with members of Chinese culture.
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Confucius`' moral views and its hitorical valuesO pensamento moral de Confúcio não foi criado por acaso, mas decorreu das características e exigências da sociedade chinesa no período da primavera e outono. A realidade social desse período colocou uma série de problemas prementes, obrigando os pensadores a prestar atenção e explicar. Em particular, a questão pendente é como estabilizar a ordem social e educar a moral das pessoas, transformar a sociedade de "desordem" em "paz", pessoas de "sem moral" em "ter" moralidade. Para esclarecer esta questão, o artigo se concentrará em esclarecer questões como: Visões sobre a ética e o papel da ética; Relações morais na sociedade; Padrões éticos; Métodos de educação moral para as pessoas na sociedade. A partir dessas questões, o artigo extrairá valores históricos do ponto de vista moral de Confúcio.
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Nilai-Nilai Akhlak dalam Kitab Bidāyah al-Hidāyah Perspektif Teori Pengembangan KepribadianThis study aims to find out how the moral values in the book of Bidāyah al-Hidāyah discussed through perspective of personality development theory which includes four personality developments: religious education, habituation to discipline, habituation to ethics and noble character, and habituation to independence. This type of research includes library research with secondary data sources. As for the data collection technique, the study of documentation from the study of the main sources, namely the book of Bidāyah al-Hidāyah and relevant research literature. The data obtained were then be analyzed using content analysis and found as the results of this research, namely the indicative that the Bidāyah al-Hidāyah contains three moral values. The first moral value is that students in seeking knowledge must always remember Allah. Secondly, an educator must be responsible and authoritative. And thirdly, students must have good character, morals, and humility, especially towards kyai and/or ustadz.
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Islam as a Science: Ontology, Epistemology and EthicsSpeaking philosophical concepts of any field of science, including Islamic education focused on ontology, epistimology and axiology of science. The strengthening of any discipline is strongly determined by these three things. It means that the criteria of a science are determined by the three objectives of the study of philosophy. In connection with these issues, this paper aims to elaborate the concepts of Islam and science with the main focus on ontology, epistimology and axiology of education. In addition, this writing is expected to be useful for further understanding of studies on the relationship of Islam with science. This research is included in the library research, that is, research that limits research and data search only through library collections without requiring research and field data. In this research, researchers use qualitative research methods. In the library research that uses qualitational methods, they take the necessary data from sources such as books, journals, articles.
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Quo Vadis, Islamic Social Work? Empirical Findings and Theoretical Reflections Converging towards an Alternative ApproachThis final chapter attempts to associate, structure and summarise the principal insights of the contributions to “Exploring Islamic Social Work. Between Community and the Common Good”. Despite differences in their topics and the contexts they treat, the methods applied and angles adopted, all the chapters have a common focus on Muslims as protagonists, both in the field of Islamic social work, and the Islamic thinking around it. The volume’s topic itself is embedded in a new social work scholarly debate, stimulated by the re-emergence of social work’s religious roots in the context of post-secular society. This chapter reviews Islamic social work as an empirical phenomenon, discusses various theological and ethical approaches, again takes up the debate on the common good and examines Islamic social work as alternative social work. Finally, the question of what exactly Islamic social work consists of and the challenges which arise in connection with the ‘Islamic’ attribution are addressed. In this way, both insights and open questions, as well as directions for further research on Islamic social work, are identified within the framework of different research discourses.
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Überlegungen zur kreativen Aneignung westlicher Konzepte wie ›Religion‹ und ›Hinduismus‹ in IndienToday, there is a broad consensus in the field of religious studies that a closer examination reveals ›Hinduism‹ to be a conglomerate of different religious traditions, which were first assigned to this term in the 19th century. Authors such as Richard King (1999a) argue that this standardisation can be traced back to Western stakeholders, who, on the basis of their exclusivist Judeo-Christian viewpoint, did not recognise the diversity of the South-Asian religions. There has been an increase of this voice in academic discourse in recent years, which dismisses further use of alleged Western concepts, such as ›religion‹ or ›Hinduism‹, in the description of this faith community, in order to avoid further »westernisation« (King 1999a, 67) of the South-Asian traditions. In this article, an alternative perception of this issue shall be presented. Based on the theory of ›cultural appropriation‹ from Hans Peter Hahn (2005), it is argued that the use of Western concepts does not necessarily lead to a ›westernisation‹ of a tradition, as the appropriating parties themselves invariably have creative leeway with regard to the adoption of new cultural elements, even in hegemonic conditions.
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La legislación laica desbordada. El anticlericalismo durante la Segunda RepúblicaLas iglesias, conventos y otros bienes religiosos objeto de numerosos ataques iconoclastas durante la Segunda República, sufriendo el patrimonio histórico eclesiástico importantes pérdidas. Suele afirmarse que la política de los gobiernos republicano-socialistas hacia la Iglesia fue de una gran torpeza al desatar un conflicto que la debilitó. Partiendo del estudio de dos diócesis, las de Guadix-Baza y Granada, éste artículo trata de refutar esa opinión tan extendida. No fue tanto el anticlericalismo de muchos de los ministros y políticos más destacados de la izquierda, como la gran presión popular a la que estaban sometidos --en particular los ataques iconoclastas--, la que determinó la adopción de medidas laicizadoras en un intento, finalmente fallido, de encauzar el choque cotidiano y muchas veces violento de las clases populares con una Iglesia alineada con las derechas.
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Michael Novak e la sua lotta alla teologia della liberazione: l’originalità di un cattolico liberaleQuesto saggio passa in rassegna alcuni dei numerosi contributi di Michael Novak (1933-2017), fra i massimi esponenti della riflessione liberale classica all'interno del mondo cattolico. In particolare, la comprensione di Novak della figura imprenditoriale e la sua battaglia intellettuale contro la teologia della liberazione sono ripercorsi sinteticamente, come contributi al tempo schiettamente originali, e che hanno contributo a determinarne la fortuna.
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Scienza, etica e società : quali novità rilevanti nel campo delle cellule staminali tra il 2009 e il 2010?Il contributo offre un aggiornamento sui principali risultati ottenuti dalla ricerca scientifica nel campo delle cellule staminali tra il 2009 e il 2010 e analizza il dibattito sulle ricadute dell'avanzamento di tali lavori in ambito etico e sociale.
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Doing Liberation Theology in South AfricaPhilosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
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Analyzing the Model of Educators’ Ethics and Conduct in the Qur’anThis study aimed at analyzing the model of educators’ ethics and conduct in the Qur’an. To do so, those verses of the Qur’an in which there was an educational situation were analyzed; at the same time, to understand the concepts of the Qur’an and their context more correctly, the interpretations of Al-Mīzān and Fī Ḍilāl al-Qur’ān were also referred to. In the present study, through the method of the theme analysis, first, 20 main themes of educators’ ethics and conduct related to the three process-oriented principles of learner's moral development, i.e. ‘cognitive, dispositional, and will and action’ were extracted. In the next step, the main obtained themes were categorized in the form of three organizing themes and one overarching theme; and finally, the network of themes and their pattern were compiled. The findings of the study show that the cognitive inferred themes in the components of ‘clear and unambiguous words for leaner's enlightenment’ and ‘explanation of true ends’, the dispositional inferred themes in the components of ‘explaining educators’ non-worldly goals and aspirations’, ‘identification of the educator with the learner’, and ‘gentle invitation from the educator’, and the inferred themes of will and action in the components of ‘the educator’s initiative in action’ and ‘avoidance of coercion and contentment with reminding’ have the highest frequency; therefore, they are considered the most important components.
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The Philosophy Of Sunan Gunung Jati’s Petatah-Petitih: The Contributions To Kuwu Ethical Leadership In Cirebon RegencyThis study is focused on the philosophy of Sunan Gunung Jati's petatah-petitih (proverb) and the contribution to the Kuwu (leaders at the local government structure/ village chief) ethical leadership in Cirebon Regency. The material object of this study covers the philosophy of petatah-petitih written by Sunan Gunung Jati while the formal object is social philosophy concerning the local culture. This phenomenological study aims to uncover the insight of Sunan Gunung Jati's philosophy and social phenomena that explain the research problem. This study seeks to examine three things: (1) what is the philosophy of Sunan Gunung Jati's petatah-petitih?, (2) how is the ethical leadership of Sunan Gunung Jati?, and (3) What are the contributions of the philosophy of petatah-petitih to Kuwu ethical leadership in Cirebon Regency?. The findings of this study underline the strong influence of Sunan Gunung Jati's petatah-petitih to the leaders at the local government structure in Cirebon Regency. The moral values in the Sunan Gunung Jati's leadership system are implied in the petatah-petitih and leadership behaviors. The values of the petatah-petitih encompass noble teachings that must be possessed by a leader. The values are broadly categorized into four groups, namely the teachings on faith and devotion, teachings on wisdom, teachings on discipline, and teachings on manner and politeness. These four teachings can be grouped into philosophical ethics in the form of theistic ethics, personal ethics, and social ethics.
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Philosophical Explanation of Teacher’s Ethics from the Point of View of Western Educational Philosophers and Muslim Educators and Thinkers in Order to Present a Charter and Validate itThe present study was conducted with the aim of philosophical explanation of teacher’s ethics from the point of view of Western educational philosophers and Muslim educators and thinkers in order to provide a charter and validate it. Descriptive analytical method and focus group method were used to answer the research questions. The results of the surveys showed that the teacher's code of ethics confirmed by philosophers and educators can be designed in three axes of areas, components and indicators. The areas include physical and appearance, doctrinal and moral, scientific, social and political, economic and professional. The components of the first field include "beauty in appearance, beauty of clothing, physical strength and ability, verbal and behavioral ability". The components of the second field include "Godliness, belief and practice of spiritual values, humility, harmony of actions and speech, fairness and magnanimity, equality, friendship and tolerance, love and affection, humanization". The components of the third field include "general knowledge, specialized knowledge, competence in teaching, recognition of individual differences, awareness of growth stages, guidance and correction". The components of the fourth field include "responsibility, social awareness, transfer of cultural heritage, cultural interaction, criticism". And the components of the fifth field include "financial sufficiency and simple living". One hundred and four sub-components were also identified and introduced. The experts in each subject matter confirmed the internal validity of the designed charter and its three cores.
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THE SYNERGY OF ROLES AMONG FAMILY, SCHOOL, AND SOCIETY IN BUILDING CHILDREN'S MORAL IN A GLOBALIZATION ERAAn era of globalization is characterized by the development of science and technology. This development contributes significant effects, including positive and negative ones. This study reveals that in fact, this kind of advancement causes several negative issues, particularly the decadence of the morality of nation’s generations. Relating to children’s morality, the unity among educational institutions is needed. Family as a small part of society is demanded to build religious values (morality) starting from the home. School as the other institution, attempts to integrate and to build the religious values through a well-systematized curriculum, as well as the role of society in controlling the moral building in daily lives. These three institutions, which affect one another, should possess synergy intensely when expecting the building of effective religious values to children in this era of globalization.