Contradictions in Expansive Learning: Towards a Critical Analysis of Self-dependent Forms of Learning in Relation to Contemporary Socio-technological Change
Author(s)
Langemeyer, InesKeywords
Bildung und ErziehungEducation
expansives Lernen; arbeitsprozessintegriertes Lernen; Widersprüche; Selbstmanagement/Selbstorganisation; Eigenverantwortung; Kompetenzentwicklung; expansive learning; work-based learning; contradictions; self-management; responsibility; participation; cooperation; situatedness; competence development; aprendizaje expansivo; aprendizaje basado en el trabajo; contradicciones; autogestión; responsabilidad; participación; cooperación; contextualización; desarrollo de competencia
Vocational Training, Adult Education
Bildungswesen quartärer Bereich, Berufsbildung
learning method
lifelong learning
motivation
learning
self-organization
participation
cooperation
Motivation
Partizipation
Selbstorganisation
lebenslanges Lernen
Kooperation
Lernen
Lernmethode
anwendungsorientiert
applied research
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http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/8766http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/76
Abstract
Um Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten zu erweitern und flexiblere Arbeitsverhältnisse durchzusetzen, geht es in der gegenwärtigen Politik um die Sicherstellung von "Beschäftigungsfähigkeit". Damit dies erreicht wird, sollen Beschäftigte wie Arbeitsuchende "lebenslang lernen". In diesem Kontext wird das traditionelle Bildungsverständnis, in dem die Unterweisungspädagogik eine zentrale Rolle spielte, zunehmend durch Ansätze, die den Fortschritt und den Erfolg von Lernprozessen stärker an die Autonomie, die Eigenverantwortung und die Individualität der Lernenden knüpfen, ersetzt. Eigenverantwortliche Lernformen scheinen eine viel versprechende Alternative zum herkömmlichen schulischen Lernen zu sein, welches sich häufig als widersprüchlich erweist, insofern es bei den Lernenden eher passive Haltungen hervorruft und ihre Lernmotivation unterläuft. Dennoch stellen sich die Herausforderungen jener "neuen" Lernformen nicht weniger widersprüchlich dar. Der vorliegende Artikel versucht, diesen Widersprüchen Rechnung zu tragen. Auf der theoretischen Ebene wird diese Frage vor dem Hintergrund der "subjektwissenschaftlichen Grundlegung des Lernens" von Klaus HOLZKAMP und der Tätigkeitstheorie von Yrjö ENGESTRÖM diskutiert. Beide Ansätze befassen sich im Kern mit der Idee eines "expansiven Lernens" und stellen einen Zusammenhang zwischen individuellen Lernprozessen und externen Entwicklungsprozessen her, in denen Handlungsmöglichkeiten und damit die eigene Handlungsfähigkeit erweitert werden. Allerdings unterscheiden sich beide Theorien hinsichtlich ihrer Widerspruchsbegriffe erheblich. Für HOLZKAMP sind Widersprüche eine Lernbehinderung, während ENGESTRÖM sie als Ausgangspunkt für Problemlösungen und Entwicklung interpretiert. Indem die Leerstellen innerhalb jedes Ansatzes sowie zwischen beiden herausgearbeitet werden, wird in diesem Artikel auch ein etwas anderer Zugang zum expansiven Lernen entwickelt. Zwei Fallstudien, die Teil einer umfassenderen Forschung zum arbeitsprozessintegrierten Lernen in der Fachinformatik waren (LANGEMEYER 2005a), werden hinzugezogen, um Widersprüche im Lernen differenzierter zu fassen und um eine kritische Analyse der gegenwärtigen Veränderungen in der Bildung zu veranschaulichen.Current policies to expand and "flexibilise" labour markets are encapsulated in the drive to ensure "employability". To achieve this "employability", workers and the unemployed are encouraged to participate in "life-long learning". In this context, the traditional understanding of education as instructional pedagogy is increasingly replaced by learner-centred approaches which allow more autonomy and individuality within the actual learning process and demand greater personal (learner) responsibility for progress and success. Such self-dependent learning might seem to provide a promising alternative to traditional schooling—which often proves contradictory in producing a rather passive attitude among the learners by undermining motivation. But the challenges of those "new" forms of learning have turned out to be contradictory as well. This article seeks to clarify how to take account of these contradictions. Theoretically, it proceeds on the basis of a discussion of Klaus HOLZKAMP's "subject science of learning" and Yrjö ENGESTRÖM's activity theory. Both approaches are centred around an idea of "expansive learning", and each stresses the interrelation between individual learning processes and external development as a route towards extending action possibilities and one's power to act. But they differ significantly on the matter of contradictions. For HOLZKAMP contradictions are considered an obstruction or hindrance for learning, while for ENGESTRÖM they are a starting point for problem solving and development. In the blank spaces within and between these theories, however, a slightly different approach to expansive learning is developed. Two case studies, that were part of a larger enquiry on a vocational training program for IT-specialists (LANGEMEYER 2005a), are used to enhance the comprehension of contradictions in relation to learning, and to exemplify an analysis of the current changes in education processes.
Las políticas actuales para extender y "flexibilizar" los mercados del trabajo están limitadas a asegurar las posibilidades de empleo. Para lograr el empleo, se anima a los trabajadores y a los desempleados a participar en la "educación continua". En este contexto, la concepción tradicional de la educación como pedagogía instruccional es reemplazada cada vez más por perspectivas centradas en el alumno que permiten una mayor autonomía e individualidad dentro del proceso de aprendizaje real y demandan una mayor responsabilidad personal para el progreso y éxito. Este aprendizaje independiente parece proporcionar una alternativa prometedora a la tradicional instrucción que demuestra a menudo una contraproducente actitud pasiva entre los alumnos minusvalorando la motivación. Pero los desafíos de estas “nuevas” formas de aprendizaje también han resultado ser contradictorios. Este artículo intenta clarificar cómo tomar en cuenta estas contradicciones. Teóricamente, se basa en la discusión de la "ciencia del aprendizaje" de Klaus HOLZKAMP y de la teoría de la actividad de Yrjö ENGESTRÖM. Ambos enfoques se centran en una idea del "aprendizaje expansivo" y destacan la interrelación entre los procesos individuales de aprendizaje y el desarrollo externo como una vía hacia la extensión de las posibilidades de acción y el poder de cada uno para actuar. Pero difieren significativamente en el tema de las contradicciones. Mientras para HOLZKAMP, las contradicciones son consideradas una obstrucción o estorbo por aprender, para ENGESTRÖM sirven de punto de arranque para la resolución y desarrollo de problemas. En los espacios vacíos dentro y entre estas teorías se desarrolla, sin embargo, un acercamiento ligeramente diferente al aprendizaje expansivo. Se utilizan dos estudios de caso que forman parte de una encuesta mayor en un programa de formación profesional para especialistas IT (LANGEMEYER 2005a) para reforzar la comprensión de las contradicciones respecto del aprendizaje y para ejemplificar un análisis de los cambios actuales en los procesos educativos.
Date
2010-03-11Type
journal articleIdentifier
oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/87661438-5627
http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/8766
http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/76
urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0601127
Copyright/License
Creative Commons - NamensnennungCollections
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