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Authorship Rights in Scientific Publication and ProblemsWhile authorship is the key to science and academic career and confers reputation and credit to the author, it also places significant responsibility on the author. Ethical deception and fraud in scientific publications not only casts doubt on the integrity of science, but also weakens public support. Research results are published with the names of all individuals who have carried out the research. Although there are variations depending on the fields of study, the general rule is that everyone who has substantially contributed to the research and publication are given credit as authors. Activities such as obtaining funding, language editing, technical editing, or administrative support do not qualify an individual for authorship. However, despite clear guidelines, forms of ethical misconduct such as granting authorship to those who fail to meet the authorship criteria, omission of deserving authors from the author list and making inappropriate and unjustifiable modifications to the author list are prevalent. One way to solve these problems would be to determine and document the list and order of authors, and require the signatures of all authors in the planning stage, even before starting to do the research and write the manuscript.
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Bilimsel Yayında Yazarlık Hakları ve ProblemlerYazarlık bilim ve kariyerin anahtarı olup bilim insanına saygınlık ve kredi kazandırırken aynı zamanda sorumluluk da yükler. Bilimsel yayınlarda etik yanıltmalar hem bilime zarar verir hem de kamuoyu desteğini zayıflatır. Araştırma sonuçları araştırmayı yapanların tümünün isimleri ile yayınlanır. Değişik bilim alanlarında farklılıklar göstermekle birlikte genel kural, çalışma ve yayına önemli katkı sağlayanların yazar olarak gösterilmesidir. Bir çalışmaya sadece yazılım aşamasında katkı verme, fon sağlama, dil denetimi, teknik düzeltme ve yönetimsel destek yazarlık hakkı sağlamaz. Yazar listesinin neresinde yer alırsa alsın tüm yazarlar yayının sonuçlarından sorumludur. Ancak oldukça açık biçimde belirtilen yönlendirici ilkelere rağmen, bilimsel bir yayında yazarlık hakkı olmayanların isimlerinin yazar olarak gösterilmesi, hakkı olanların yazarlar listesine alınmaması, yazar sıralamasının uygun olmayan şekilde ve gerekçesiz değiştirilmesi azımsanmayacak kadar sık görülmektedir. Planlama aşamasında, makale yazımına hatta araştırmaya başlamadan önce yazarlar listesi ve sıralaması belirlenip imza altına alınması sorunları çözebilir.
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Perish or publish dilemma: challenges to responsible authorshipControversies related to the concept and practice of responsible authorship and its misuse have been among the most prominent issues discussed in the recent literature on research integrity. Therefore, this paper aims to address the factors that lead to two major types of unethical authorship, namely, honorary and ghost authorship. It also highlights negative consequences of authorship misuse and provides a critical analysis of different authorship guidelines, including a recent debate on the amendments of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship definition. Empirical studies revealed that honorary authorship was the most prevalent deviation from the responsible authorship standards. Three different modalities of honorary authorship were distinguished: gift authorship, guest authorship, and coercive authorship. Prevalence of authorship misuse worldwide and in Europe was alarmingly high, covering approximately one third of all scientific publications. No significant differences were reported in authorship misuse between different health research disciplines. The studies conducted in North America highlighted the most effective means to cope with unethical authorship. These were training in publishing ethics, clear authorship policies developed by medical schools, and explicit compliance with the authorship criteria required by the medical journals. In conclusion, more empirical research is needed to raise awareness of the high prevalence of authorship misuse among scientists. Research integrity training courses, including publication ethics and authorship issues should be integrated into the curricula for students and young researchers in medical schools. Last but not least, further discussion on responsible authorship criteria and practice should be initiated.