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Labor Markets and School-to-Work Transition in Egypt : Diagnostics, Constraints, and Policy FrameworkAnalysis in this policy note indicates a rapid deterioration in employment opportunities for young individuals transitioning from school to work in Egypt. Despite substantial improvements in labor market outcomes in recent years (in raising employment and participation and in lowering unemployment), unemployment rates in Egypt remain exceedingly high among youth entering the labor market for the first time. A slow school-to-work transition remains the main reason behind high unemployment rates. Young entrants to the labor market have become more educated than ever before: the share of the working-age-population with university education in Egypt has increased significantly between the years 1998 and 2006 (from 14% to 19% among men and from 9% to 14% among women). However, youth are unable to capitalize the time and resources invested in their education as the labor market is not providing enough good-quality jobs for them. To cope with scarce formal jobs, young-educated workers are opting to work in the informal sector and/or withdraw from the labor force, which is contributing to a deadweight loss of recent investments in education. There are three key factors that seem to explain why school-to-job transition remains low in Egypt: investments in the private sector remain low and capital intensive, new graduates are not equipped with the skills demanded by the private sector, and the public sector still provides incentives for educated individuals (mainly women) to queue for private sector jobs. There are several policy options used in the international context to further enhance the performance of the labor market; such as enhancing employability of new entrants, reforming the technical and vocational training system, and designing targeted programs aiming to boost labor demand.
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Improving Labor Market Outcomes for Poor and Vulnerable Groups in MongoliaMongolia has experienced strong economic
 growth and declining poverty in the past. With the
 implementation of the law on employment promotion in 2011,
 the Government of Mongolia provided the legal base for a set
 of employment promotion programs. By means of these
 programs, different vulnerable labor market groups are
 addressed, ranging from graduates to disabled, older
 workers, herders, and unskilled job seekers. The objective
 of the report is to describe and analyze labor market
 outcomes for different groups of the population in Mongolia,
 with a particular focus on poor and vulnerable households,
 and present a set of policy interventions to strengthen the
 labor market participation and integration of currently
 unemployed or inactive adults. The focus of the report is on
 supply side issues of the labor market. In order to better
 understand the mechanisms driving labor market outcomes, a
 prospective qualitative analysis is already planned to
 complement the present quantitative analysis. The report is
 structured as follows: section one gives introduction.
 Section two provides the country context in terms of
 economic and demographic developments and the
 characteristics of the Mongolian labor market. The empirical
 analysis is presented in section three. In section four the
 existing labor market policies in Mongolia are mapped and
 their challenges discussed. Finally, section five concludes
 and recommends a set of policy measures to further improve
 the labor market outcomes of poor and vulnerable groups.
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Public Employment Services and Publicly Provided ALMPs in EgyptThis note presents a brief overview of Public Employment Services (PES) in Egypt and describes the institutional framework for public delivery of Active Labor Market Programs (ALMPs) in Egypt. Egypt has the fourth largest economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region and has implemented economic reforms since 2004 which have led to some economic growth (e.g. a fast growing technology sector and the country has been recognized as one of the top offshoring destinations for international companies).