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Sustainable Refugee ReturnRefugee return is one of the three so-called durable solutions to refugee displacement envisaged by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the international community. The objective of this study is to identify the conditions that influence the decisions by refugees in protracted displacement regarding return to their home country - when, why, and by whom are decisions on return or other coping strategies made, and how are they affected both by life in exile and by the situation in the country of origin. The primary purpose of the study is to inform the World Bank’s country and regional strategies, as well as its operational approaches on ways to address forced displacement by showing that well thought out development actions that are responsive to the circumstances of specific displacement situations can contribute to the sustainable return and reintegration for displaced. Using a desk study method, the analysis has drawn on the existing literature on refugee decision-making regarding return together with eight country return cases. The study assesses both the conditions of life in asylum and those in the country of origin including activities to support reconstruction and development by governments and development actors including the World Bank, that have influenced whether, and to which extent, refugees were able to return in a durable manner or have adapted in other ways to opportunities and constraints in places of exile and origin. This paper will make the case that to assist return to become sustainable, it is necessary to also address development challenges affecting both the returnees and those who remained, and these cannot be met alone through short-term humanitarian efforts alongside political, social, peace building, and security considerations.
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Ethiopian Poverty Reduction and Transport Strategy ReviewThe strategic objective of Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) long term development plan is to anchor transport policies and strategies in national strategies for poverty reduction, so as to enable the transport sector contribute fully to pro-poor growth and poverty reduction. To this end, many SSA countries have conducted the Poverty Reduction and Transport Strategy Review (PRTSR) workshops to assess and review the coherence and link between their poverty reduction strategies and transport strategies and policies. This report presents the processes and the outcomes of the three workshops held between July and September 2007 that reviewed Ethiopia's road sector policy/programs and PASDEP. The first workshop was conducted from 26 - 28th July 2007. In this workshop, stakeholders extracted relevant information from the A Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) regarding goals, objectives and targets as well as the difficulties on access and mobility. They also identified the interventions concerning transport infrastructure and services in the priority economic and social sectors, population groups, and cross-cutting issues. They also reviewed the PASDEP and its treatment of transport related issues; the second workshop was conducted from 17 - 19th August 2007. During this workshop, participants were able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Ethiopia's road policy/ programs in terms of its contribution to poverty reduction. They also gave suggestions on how the road sector policy/programs might be improved to better contribute to poverty reduction; and the third workshop was conducted from 14 - 16th September 2007. In this workshop stakeholders assessed the current institutional arrangements and mechanisms for policy dialogue and formulations of both PASDEP and the road sector policy/programs. Based on the findings of the workshops, the stakeholders also designed an action plan that can influence the adoption of policies and strategies that links transport/road sector with poverty reduction.
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Pakistan - Balochistan Economic Report : From Periphery to Core, Volume 1. Summary ReportBalochistan offers some of the best
 assets for development. Balochistan is generously bestowed
 with natural and locational resources. It possesses the
 largest land area of any province of Pakistan, proving vast
 rangeland for goats, sheep, buffaloes, cattle, camels and
 other livestock. Its southern border makes up about two
 thirds of the national coastline, giving access to a large
 pool of fishery resources. As a frontier province, it is
 ideally situated for trade with Iran, Afghanistan, Central
 Asia and the Persian Gulf countries. Over the last four
 decades, it supplied cheap natural gas to Pakistan's
 economic centers, supporting the country's
 industrialization. This report offers an empirical analysis
 of provincial economic development and the ways in which the
 provincial and federal governments, supported by donors, can
 help to foster it. It is organized around three topics: the
 stock taking of economic outcomes over the last decades; the
 Strategies for inclusive economic development of generating
 growth, delivering services, and financing development in
 the future; and the instruments for today's economic
 policies to bring about the required changes. The five main
 findings of the report are as follows. First, there are good
 reasons to be optimistic about Balochistan's
 development. Provincial and federal reforms, the synergies
 between Balochistan's and Pakistan's development
 agenda in the areas of energy and trade, and the strong
 performance of the national economy present a unique
 opportunity to move Balochistan from the periphery to the
 core of economic development to the benefit of its people.
 Second, in order to overcome the challenges that held back
 provincial development for many decades, Balochistan should
 pursue a development agenda around generating growth,
 delivering services, and financing development. This
 approach can make sure that Balochistan's development
 path is inclusive, where the gains are shared across regions
 and population groups. Third, generating growth requires
 leveraging Balochistan's resource and locational
 advantages, deepening its capacity for value-addition, and
 strengthening the foundations for business activity. Fourth,
 delivering services depends on improving the public
 administration, making devolution more effective and
 scaling-up of basic services with innovative approaches
 involving the private sector and communities. Finally,
 financing development relies on a prudent management of
 provincial expenditures, strengthening the capacity for
 revenue collection, and advancing fiscal devolution.