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Intimate Partner Violence : Economic Costs and Implications for Growth and DevelopmentViolence against women, recognized
 globally as a fundamental human rights violation, is widely
 prevalent across high-, middle-, and low-income countries.
 Violence against women has significant economic costs in
 terms of expenditures on service provision, lost income for
 women and their families, decreased productivity, and
 negative impacts on future human capital formation. The
 paper makes a major contribution to the discussion of
 economic implications of intimate partner violence (IPV)
 through its conceptual mapping of the links between IPV and
 economic growth based on a review of literature on their
 complex dynamics based on data from Vietnam. It reviews
 costing methodologies and identifies types of costs that
 potentially can be estimated given different degrees of data
 availability. The paper argues strongly for a focus on
 estimating impacts on productivity, which is a key driver of
 economic growth. It also calls for committed action by both
 national governments and The World Bank Group in terms of
 integrating IPV and violence against women and girls (VAWG)
 into national and sectoral development plans and Bank
 funding streams; strengthening national statistics offices
 to collect, manage, and analyze data on violence
 systematically and regularly basis; prioritizing
 multi-sectoral and inter-ministerial responses; and most
 importantly establishing a dedicated budget or funding
 stream for IPV and VAWG policies, programs, and interventions.
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Violence Against Women and Girls : IntroductionViolence against women and girls (VAWG) is one of the most oppressive forms of gender inequality and stands as a fundamental barrier to equal participation of women and men in social, economic, and political spheres. Such violence impedes gender equality and the achievement of a range of development outcomes. VAWG is a complex and multifaceted problem that cannot effectively be addressed from a single vantage point. The prevention of, and response to, such violence requires coordinated action across multiple sectors. This resource guide was developed through a partnership between the Global Women s Institute (GWI) at George Washington University, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the World Bank Group (WBG). The primary audiences for the guide are IDB and WBG staff and member countries, as well as other development professionals who do not yet have experience addressing VAWG. The purpose of this guide is to provide the reader with basic information on the characteristics and consequences of VAWG, including the operational implications that VAWG can have in several priority sectors of the IDB and WBG. It also offers guidance on how to integrate VAWG prevention and provide quality services to violence survivors across a range of development projects. Lastly, it recommends strategies for integrating VAWG prevention and response into policies and legislation, as well as sector programs and projects.
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Papua New Guinea : Country Gender Assessment, 2011-2012Papua New Guinea (PNG) became independent in 1976 as a constitutional parliamentary democracy. The country has four regions (Highlands, Islands, Momase and Southern) and 21 provinces including the autonomous region of Bougainville and two new provinces recently created in the southern and western parts of the highlands region. Another province-level division is the National Capital District, which comprises the capital city, Port Moresby. Each province is divided into electorates that vote for members of parliament as well as for a provincial member of parliament, who serves as the governor of the province. The country has a population of just over seven million, with an estimated population growth rate of 2.8 percent. Nearly half of PNG's population is under the age of 20 and the number of young people is expected to double in the next 20 years. Youth unemployment is high and rising, with only one in ten school graduates finding jobs in the private sector. With many young people leaving their villages in search of jobs in the towns and cities, there is a shortage of employment opportunities, which has contributed to the expansion of (mainly male) urban youth gangs, exacerbating problems of law and order.