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Interventions to Prevent or Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls : A Systematic Review of ReviewsViolence against Women and Girls (VAWG)
 is a pervasive global problem. It is a violation of basic
 human rights and a drag on development. Much of the research
 to-date on the topic-including a major recent World Health
 Organization study to produce global prevalence rates has
 focused on better understanding the scale and nature of the
 problem. The present study builds on this body or research
 while shifting focus to synthesizing global evidence on
 potential solutions. This paper, a systematic review of
 reviews, breaks new ground by synthesizing evidence on the
 effects of VAWG prevention interventions. It examines the
 diversity of geographical context, the types of violence
 addressed, and the numerous approaches that have been used
 to combat VAWG. Additionally the review summarizes the
 quality of evidence on efficacy and effectiveness in order
 to highlight strengths and gaps of interventions on a global
 scale and could serve as a point of reference for those
 intending to undertake future design, implementation, and
 evaluation of interventions. This paper finds that knowledge
 of intervention impacts on VAWG prevention is growing, but
 is still highly limited. Nonetheless, a small but growing
 body of rigorously tested interventions demonstrates that
 preventing VAWG is possible and can achieve large effect
 sizes. The interventions with the most positive findings
 used multiple, well-integrated approaches and engaged with
 multiple stakeholders over time. They also addressed
 underlying risk factors for violence, including social norms
 regarding gender dynamics and the acceptability of violence.
 These examples point to the imperative of greatly increasing
 investment both in innovative programming in primary
 prevention, as well as in high-quality experimental and
 quasi-experimental evaluations to guide international
 efforts to end VAWG.
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Engaging Men and Boys in Advancing Women's Agency : Where We Stand and New DirectionsDespite advances in gender equality,
 women and girls still face disadvantages and limits on their
 agency. Men and boys can be key stakeholders and allies to
 increase women's agency. This paper focuses on
 examining men's attitudes and behaviors related to
 gender equality and violence perpetration to better
 understand how to engage men and boys as. It uses data
 collected from men and women from eight countries (Bosnia,
 Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Democratic Republic of Congo, India,
 Mexico, and Rwanda) as part of the International Men and
 Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES). There is wide variation
 across countries in men's support for gender equality,
 equal roles for men and women, and acceptability of violence
 against women. Key findings of this investigation include:
 1) that in most countries male perpetrators of violence are
 more likely to be depressed or engage in binge drinking than
 non-perpetrators; 2) that witnessing one's mother being
 abused by a partner is one of the strongest predictors of
 ever perpetrating violence, suggesting that efforts should
 focus on breaking the intergenerational transmission of
 norms and violence; 3) that being involved with violent
 fights generally is a significant predictor of ever
 perpetrating violence, suggesting that programs and policies
 reducing violence generally may also have an effect on
 violence specifically against women; and 4) that a majority
 of men is willing to intervene upon witnessing violence
 against a woman, and men who do not support violence against
 women, are not violent generally, and who are aware of laws
 prohibiting violence against women are more likely to intervene.
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Intimate Partner Violence : Economic Costs and Implications for Growth and DevelopmentViolence against women, recognized
 globally as a fundamental human rights violation, is widely
 prevalent across high-, middle-, and low-income countries.
 Violence against women has significant economic costs in
 terms of expenditures on service provision, lost income for
 women and their families, decreased productivity, and
 negative impacts on future human capital formation. The
 paper makes a major contribution to the discussion of
 economic implications of intimate partner violence (IPV)
 through its conceptual mapping of the links between IPV and
 economic growth based on a review of literature on their
 complex dynamics based on data from Vietnam. It reviews
 costing methodologies and identifies types of costs that
 potentially can be estimated given different degrees of data
 availability. The paper argues strongly for a focus on
 estimating impacts on productivity, which is a key driver of
 economic growth. It also calls for committed action by both
 national governments and The World Bank Group in terms of
 integrating IPV and violence against women and girls (VAWG)
 into national and sectoral development plans and Bank
 funding streams; strengthening national statistics offices
 to collect, manage, and analyze data on violence
 systematically and regularly basis; prioritizing
 multi-sectoral and inter-ministerial responses; and most
 importantly establishing a dedicated budget or funding
 stream for IPV and VAWG policies, programs, and interventions.