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Die <i>liter&#234;r-historiese</i> lees van 'n teksThe discussion on methodology in the South African exegetical and hermeneutical debate has not been completed yet. Several contributions during the past six years have kept this debate alive. Nevertheless, the duration of the discussion has brought growth and more understanding for different viewpoints and approaches. The aim of this article is to argue that both literary and historical aspects in the reading of any Old Testament text are important. Although it is not the only text approach, it proposes the literary-historical reading of texts is a comprehensive way to expose and understand Biblical texts.
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Religión y Modernización. La producción y la recepción de los escritos de Emilio Willems en Brasil sobre religiónEmilio Willems (1905-1997), a native of Germany, arrived in Brazil in 1931. He had completed a Ph.D. program in the University of Berlin. Five years later, he started serving as a professor and a researcher at the Universidade de São Paulo, which had been recently founded, and at the Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política. In the beginning, his studies were focused on the process of assimilation and acculturation of immigrants in Brazil. But later, Brazil, a catholic, traditional, rural and outdated country that was quickly becoming modern, urban and industrial, was made the focus of his studies. For Willems, the impact of Brazil’s passage from rural to urban led to the arising of a religious pluralism and an interiorized religion. The growth in the number of Protestants, especially Pentecostals, would be connected to the modernization process of the Latin-American society.
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Penitence, Confession, and the Power of Submission in Late Medieval Women&#039;s Religious CommunitiesThis article argues that depictions of penance and confession in late medieval &quot;Sisterbooks,&quot; which were written by women religious for communal use, show that medieval women understood religious authority to be enhanced through submission and service to community members. These collections of the lives and reminiscences of deceased sisters and father confessors construct idealized piety and religious authority through public acts of obedience and submission which built a reputation for sanctity, not just for the individual penitent, but for her entire community. Thus in the Sisterbooks, obedience to a confessor or spiritual director for both male and female penitents shifts the locus of spiritual authority from the confessor to the penitent and her community through communal observation and evaluation. These medieval Christian women understood the relationships between confessors and confessants as one which conferred power and authority to the penitent, complicating Foucault&#039;s influential claim that the sacrament of confession granted all power to the confessor who heard sins in secret. In the Sisterbooks, interactions between women religious and their confessors are depicted as relational, complex, and constantly in flux.