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Standard Euro-Barometer Survey Series, 1974-The Eurobarometer (EB) survey series is a unique programme of cross-national and cross-temporal comparative social science research. Since the early seventies representative national samples in all European Union (EU) (formerly the European Community (EC)) member states have been simultaneously interviewed in the spring and autumn of each year. Starting with EB 34.1 (autumn 1990), separate supplementary surveys on special issues have been conducted under almost every EB number. The EB is designed to provide regular monitoring of public social and political attitudes in the EU through specific trend questions. More information about the series may be found on the Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung (ZA - Central Archive for Empirical Social Research, University of Cologne) Eurobarometer Survey Series web pages. Background Work on European survey series began in early 1970, when the Commission of the European Community sponsored simultaneous surveys of the EC. These surveys were designed to measure public awareness of, and attitudes toward, the Common Market and other EC institutions, in complementary fashion. They also probed the goals given top priority for each respondent's nation. These concerns have remained a central part of the EC's research efforts - which were carried forward in the summer of 1971 with another six-nation survey that gave special attention to agricultural problems. The nine EC member countries were then surveyed again on the same topic areas in September 1973. After 1973, the surveys took on a somewhat broader scope in content as well as in geographical coverage, with measures of subjective satisfaction and the perceived quality of life becoming standard features of the EC public opinion surveys. Over time, the member states of the EC/EU have increased in number, and the coverage of the EB surveys has widened accordingly. In 1974, nine countries were surveyed: France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland and Luxembourg. Greece has been included since the autumn 1980 survey (EB 14) onwards, Portugal and Spain since autumn 1985 (EB 24), the former German Democratic Republic since autumn 1990 (EB 34), Finland since the spring of 1993 (EB 39), and Sweden and Austria since the autumn of 1994 (EB 42). Norway has been included in some surveys since 1991, from EB 36 onwards. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia joined the EU, and in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania (some of these countries participated in the Candidate Countries Eurobarometer survey series (see under GN 33343) before full accession). Some surveys are also conducted in Turkey, and in the Turkish Cypriot Community (Northern Cyprus). The Eurobarometer public opinion surveys are conducted on behalf of and co-ordinated by the European Commission, DG Press and Communication - Opinion Polls Sector (European Commission Public Opinion Analysis). Special topic modules are carried out at the request of the responsible EU Directorate General. This round of Eurobarometer surveys diverged from the Standard Eurobarometer measures and queried respondents on discrimination in the EU, fighting against organised crime, science and research, justice, freedom, and security policies, intelligent systems in vehicles, and EU Humanitarian Aid (ECHO). For the first topic, discrimination in the EU, respondents were asked to identify to what extent different types of discrimination or non-discrimination occurs, factors which may affect employment, the need for diversity in the workplace and government, and the advantages of membership to a particular social group. In addition, respondents were asked about combating discrimination through the role of organizations or as an individual, and about laws prohibiting discrimination. Secondly, the survey queried respondents about fighting organized crime. Respondents provided their opinions about the implementation of witness protection, frequency and prevention of identity and tax fraud, and the involvement of the EU in developing policy on witness protection. In regard to the third topic, science and research, respondents were asked to identify their interests, their knowledge of collaborative research projects, information sources accessed and trusted pertaining to scientific research, and personal association with individuals who have a chronic or life-threatening disease. For the fourth topic, respondents were asked questions about justice, freedom and security policies including their views in regard to EU decision-making and priorities in enacting or developing policies pertaining to social issues. For the next topic, intelligent systems in vehicles, the survey asked respondents about their driving habits and automobiles, as well as the distance they travelled per year. In addition, they provided their opinion about selecting or not selecting a particular car safety system such as an anti-lock breaking system or an electronic stability system, the development of these systems, and the implementation of systems that collect driver information. Finally, the survey collected information on respondents' views regarding the role of countries in providing aid to victims of natural disasters or conflicts outside of the EU, their knowledge of organisations that fund humanitarian aid, including the European Commission and its Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO), and the disbursement of aid. Demographic and other background information includes age, gender, origin of birth (personal and parental), marital status, left-right political self-placement, occupation, age at completion of full-time education, household composition, religious affiliation, ownership of a fixed or a mobile telephone, social contacts, and quality of life pertaining to health. In addition, country-specific data include type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries). Main Topics:The topics covered include:discrimination in the EUfighting organised crimeattitudes to biological and medical researchjustice, freedom and security policy issuesthe introduction of intelligent systems in vehicles; and humanitarian aid
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European Integration - The New German Scholarship -The title of this symposium is European Integration: The New German Scholarship. Note: It is not Recent German Scholarship but New German Scholarship. It could have had a slightly different title: European Integration New, Young and Fresh German scholarship. But that might have offended us, my generation, the Old and the Stale! The initiative came from the new (young and fresh) Director the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg: A symposium revisiting many of the central constitutional themes of the European legal order in which the main protagonists would indeed be the most promising scholars form the up-and-coming generation. The commentators were mostly scholars from other jurisdictions and other traditions - avoiding at least some of the pitfalls of cloning, careerism and worse. The results, taken as a whole, are most interesting; not only because of what we learn about the legal order of the Union, but what we learn about the Changing of the Guards in German European legal scholarship.
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European Election Study, 1994The European Election Study 1994 is a survey study of the electorates of the member states of the European Union (EU). It focusses in particular on the fourth elections to the European Parliament, which were conducted in June 1994. The study essentially consists of a survey conducted immediately after the European Parliament election of June 1994 in the framework of Eurobarometer 41.1 (held at the Data Archive under SN: 3526). Variables of three other surveys - surrounding Eurobarometer surveys - are documented and included in addition. The first two of these, Eurobarometers 40 and 41 (SNs: 3258 and 3525 respectively) took place before the European elections, in October-November 1993 and in April-May 1994 respectively. The third was Eurobarometer 42 (SN: 3480) conducted in November-December 1994. The questionnaires of the study were identical in the various member states, apart from minor but unavoidable differences generated by differences in party names and country-specific institutions. As a consequence the study offers wide opportunities for comparative voting studies. While the main wave is the post-electoral survey, the other three interviews have partially overlapping contents. Some of the questions have been included in two, a few in three or all four of the interviews, thus offering opportunities for longitudinal comparisons of voter behaviour and voter orientations. The four waves of interviews constitute a repeated cross-section study, i.e. they have been conducted on three independently drawn random samples of the populations of the member states of the European Union. Consequently, longitudinal comparisons can only be made for aggregates, not for individual respondents. Main Topics: Subjects covered in this study included respondents' voting intentions and voting behaviour in the 1994 elections to the European Parliament; political interest, attitude and party allegiance; awareness of the election campaign, candidates, election broadcasting and media coverage; attitudes to various social, economic and political issues, such as unemployment, social welfare, border controls and immigration, among others; attitudes to the European Union (EU), political unification, European single currency and opinions of EU institutions such as the Council of Ministers; attitudes to foreign settlement in respondents' home countries; membership of environmental and anti-nuclear groups. Demographic information collected from respondents included employment and housing details, marital status, social class and income.