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Malnutrition in Afghanistan : Scale,
 Scope, Causes, and Potential ResponseThis book has the potential to
 contribute to a reversing of this trend, whereby activities
 in not only the health sector but also in other sectors
 relevant to nutrition will gain increased support and
 prominence in national development planning. South Asia has
 by far the largest number of malnourished women and
 children, and no other region of the world has higher rates
 of malnutrition. Malnutrition in childhood is the biggest
 contributor to child mortality; a third of child deaths have
 malnutrition as an underlying cause. For the surviving
 children, malnutrition has lifelong implications because it
 severely reduces a child's ability to learn and to grow
 to his or her full potential. Malnutrition thus leads to
 less productive adults and weaker national economic
 performance. Therefore, the impact of malnutrition on a
 society's productivity and well being and a
 nation's long-term development is hard to
 underestimate. For the South Asia region of the World Bank,
 malnutrition is a key development priority, and in the
 coming years, the Bank intends to enhance dramatically its
 response to this challenge. As a first step, a series of
 country assessments such as this one are being carried out.
 These assessments will be used to reinforce the dialogue
 with governments and other development partners to scale up
 an evidence-based response against malnutrition. To succeed,
 we will need to address the problem comprehensively, which
 will require engaging several sectors. This assessment of
 malnutrition in Afghanistan lays out the scale, scope, and
 causes of the problem. The assessment also indicates key
 elements of a potential response.
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Action Plan for the Provision of Vitamins and Minerals to the Tanzanian Population through the Enrichment of Staple FoodsThe United Republic of Tanzania has a
 severe vitamin and mineral deficiency problem. Every year
 deficiencies in iron, vitamin A and folic acid cost the
 country over US$ 518 million, around 2.65 % of the
 country's GDP. Beyond the economic losses, vitamin and
 mineral deficiencies are a significant contributor to infant
 mortality, with over 27,000 infant and 1,600 maternal deaths
 annually attributable to this cause.2 In fact, if all of
 these deaths could be avoided, the infant mortality rate
 (IMR) in Tanzania could be reduced to 41.5 per 1,000
 population, which would virtually ensure achievement of the
 MDG goal for IMR (40/1,000). To reduce this huge annual
 loss, an integrated national vitamin and mineral deficiency
 control programme is needed which is embedded in the
 national nutrition policy. Food fortification or enrichment
 should be an integral but not the only part of such a programme.
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The Double Burden of Malnutrition in IndonesiaThe purpose of this report is to assess the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) problem in Indonesia. It builds on to the Indonesia landscape analysis country assessment (LACA) report, which found that overweight and underweight co-existed among young children, confirming that the DBM is already a concern in Indonesia. The focus of the LACA was on maternal and child under nutrition and especially on the extent of scaling-up of an essential package of interventions for improving maternal and child under nutrition. The focus of this report is on over nutrition, it also looks at how under nutrition contributes to this problem across the life course, including the links to the non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and especially those that are diet-related such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia , and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The assessment is based on information collected during a visit to Jakarta and Yogyakarta in late November 2011 when interviews were held with the key actors involved in DBM problems in Indonesia. The report describes what the DBM means as well as what its consequences are, examines the DBM situation in Indonesia, and makes recommendations on what actions should be taken to both prevent and mitigate problems across the life course.