A CONCISE OVERVIEW OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES IN AFRICA AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Author(s)
Sifri, Zeina; Hellen Keller International Division of Hellen Keller Worldwide,352 Park Avenue South, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10010Darnton-Hill, I.; Hellen Keller International Division of Hellen Keller Worldwide,352 Park Avenue South, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10010
Baker, S. K.; Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Avenue Noges, Plateau, abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Bendech, M. Ag; Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Avenue Noges, Plateau, abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Baker, S. K.; Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Avenue Noges, Plateau, abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Aguayo, V. M.; Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Avenue Noges, Plateau, abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Bendech, M. Ag; Helen Keller International, Regional Office for Africa, Avenue Noges, Plateau, abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
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http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/19116Abstract
Despite some encouraging progress, micronutrient malnutrition remains a public health problem affecting all countries in Africa. Estimates show that over 85 million people living on the African continent are iodine deficient. A further 180 million are at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. With iodized salt reaching about 70% of African households, these figures are presumably lower. Anemia is a major public health problem in Africa, affecting over 80% of women, infants and young children. Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in 64 countries. With a focus on the prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies, supplementation with vitamin A capsules has been successfully integrated into the National Immunization Days in 43 of 64 vitamin A-deficient countries. Iron/folate supplementation of pregnant women is government policy in virtually all countries but has had very limited success. Multimicronutrient supplementation is another approach that is being explored. Food-based approaches such as dietary diversification are both sustainable and culturally well-accepted in the African context. Many countries in Africa are progressing with food fortification efforts including wheat flour fortification with iron in Zimbabwe and vitamin A fortification of sugar in Zambia. Ongoing complementary public health measures include breastfeeding, immunization, control of infectious diseases and poverty alleviation policies. Many existing challenges devalue the potential impact of nutrition programs on development and national progress. There exists however, a wealth of innovative promising experiences in Africa such as national micronutrient days and hammermill fortification. The major initiatives currently addressing malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases will also contribute. Key words: micronutrient malnutrition, vitamin A, iron, iron deficiency anemia, Africa Rsum UNE VUE GLOBALE CONCISE DES INSUFFISANCES EN MICRONUTRIMENTS EN AFRIQUE ET ORIENTATIONS FUTURES RÉSUMÉ Malgré quelques progrès encourageants, la malnutrition en matière de micro-nutriments demeure un problème de santé publique qui affecte tous les pays en Afrique. Les estimations montrent que plus de 85 millions de personnes vivant sur le continent africain ont des insuffisances d iode et que 180 millions d autres sont menacés d avoir des perturbations causées par l insuffisance d iode. Etant donné que le sel iodé atteint près de 70% de ménagers Africains, ces chiffres sont sans doute inférieurs à la réalité. L anémie est un problème majeur de santé publique en Afrique ; elle affecte plus de 80% de femmes, de nourrissons et de petits enfants. L insuffisance en Vitamine A est un problème de santé publique dans 64 pays. L accent étant mis sur la prévention et la réduction des insuffisances en micro-nutriments, le supplément par des capsules de vitamine A a été efficacement intégré dans les Journées Nationales d Immunisation dans 43 sur 64 pays accusant une insuffisance en vitamine A. Un supplément de fer/folate chez les femmes enceintes est une politique gouvernementale dans pratiquement tous les pays, mais il a eu un succès très limité. Le supplément de multimicronutriments est une autre approche qui est explorée actuellement. Des approches basées sur les aliments, telles que la diversification du régime alimentaire, sont viables et culturellement bien acceptées dans le contexte africain. Plusieurs pays d Afrique progressent avec des efforts de fortification alimentaire, comme la fortification de la farine de blé avec du fer au Zimbabwe et la fortification de la vitamine A avec du sucre en Zambie. Les mesures en cours qui sont complémentaires de la santé publique sont notamment l allaitement, l immunisation, la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses et les politiques d allègement de la pauvreté. Beaucoup de défis actuels dévaluent l impact éventuel des programmes de nutrition sur le développement et le progrès national. Il existe, cependant, une richesse d expériences novatrices prometteuses en Afrique, telles que les journées nationales des micro-nutriments et la fortification de hammermill. Les initiatives majeures de lutte contre la malaria, la tuberculose, les maladies infectieuses connexes du VIH/SIDA apporteront également des contributions. Mots clés: malnutrition par manque de micro-nutriments, vitamine A, le fer, l anémie causée par l insuffisance du fer, Afrique. (Af. J. Food and Nutritional Sciences: 2002 2 (2): 78-85)Date
2002-02-01Type
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleIdentifier
oai:ojs.ajol.info:article/19116http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/view/19116
10.4314/ajfand.v2i2.19116
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Cote d’Ivoire : From Success to Failure - A Story of Growth, Specialization, and the Terms of TradeNoer, John; Espina, Carlos; Bogetic, Zeljko (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012-06-11)Real GDP per capita and capital stock in Cote d'Ivoire grew strongly from 1960 to 1979, but have declined ever since, for twenty-five years. As a result, the country has traveled a full circle from economic success to failure in little more than a generation. What are the long-term factors behind this dismal growth story? Are the Ivorian development problems mostly of recent origin? Or there are more fundamental, economic factors that explain its long term performance? Four principal conclusions are as follows: First, Cote d'Ivoire's long-term growth performance is not fully explained by temporary factors (e.g., CFA overvaluation or recent conflict). Longer term factors such as capital accumulation, productivity, and terms of trade are key to understanding the country's performance as is the policy of specialization in a single commodity--cocoa. Second, the long-term decline in per capita output started well before the currency overvaluation, and at a time of political stability, and is related to a major, secular deterioration in terms of trade that started after 1976. Third, total factor productivity estimates indicate that TFP per capita also grew until it hit a plateau in 1976-78, and then shrank thereafter, despite gains in human capital accumulation. Fourth, Cote d'Ivoire has pursued a policy of specialization in cocoa beans but this bet on a single commodity has ultimately failed. The strategy that brought prosperity during the 1970s resulted in a growth failure when cocoa prices began declining since 1976.
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NUTRITION EN COTE D'IVOIRE: UN APPEL A L' ACTIONAguayo, Victor M.; Conseiller Regional en Nutrition et Survie de l'Enfant pour l'Afrique, Helen Keller International (HKI); Adou, Pierre; Directeur-Coordonnateur du Programme National de Nutrition. Ministere de la Sante. Cote d'Ivoire (Rural Outreach Program (Kenya), 2002-02-01)This analysis reviews some of the main nutrition problems in Côte d Ivoire and their consequences for three key sectors to national development: health, education, and the economy. The analysis shows that in the absence of adequate policy action, the current monetary value of the productivity losses attributable to malnutrition cases happening between 2001 and 2005 amount to about $ 545 million. To these significant economic losses need to be added 101,500 child lives lost because of underweight; 50,300 child lives lost because of vitamin A deficiency; and 170,600 newborns with mental retardation because of intra-uterine iodine deficiency. On the contrary, if over the same period of time (2001-2005) Côte d Ivoire reduced (1) the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in children by one-third; (2) the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age by one-third; (3) the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children by half; and (4) the prevalence of iodine deficiency in the population by half, the current value of productivity gains resulting from such nutrition improvement would amount to $ 96 million. To such economic gains need to be added 16,600 child lives saved as a result of the reduction in underweight levels; 11,000 child lives saved as a result of the reduction in vitamin A deficiency; and 42,000 newborns saved from mental retardation as a result of the reduction in iodine deficiency. Policy action needs to be taken urgently to ensure the necessary resources to control malnutrition in Côte d Ivoire. Key Words: Nutrition, Côte d Ivoire, Development, advocacy Rsum Cette analyse passe en revue les principaux problèmes nutritionnels en Côte d Ivoire et certaines de leurs conséquences sur trois secteurs clés du développement: la santé, l éducation et l économie. L analyse révèle que faute d interventions appropriées, la valeur actuelle de la productivité perdue à cause de la malnutrition se produisant entre 2001 et 2005 s élèverait à 545 million de dollars américains. A cette perte économique s ajouteraient 101.500 vies d enfants perdues suite au déficit pondéral pour l age; 50.300 vies d enfants perdues suite à la carence en vitamine A; et 170.600 nouveau-nés souffrant de retard mental à cause de la carence en iode durant la vie f tale. Si entre 2001 et 2005 la Côte d Ivoire s engageait à (1) réduire d un tiers la prévalence la malnutrition protéino-énergétique chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans, (2) réduire d un tiers la prévalence de l anémie chez les femmes en âge de procréer, (3) réduire de moitié la prévalence de la carence en vitamine A chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans et (4) réduire de moitié la prévalence de la carence en iode dans la population, la valeur actuelle de la productivité gagnée suite à l atteinte de ces objectifs s élèverait à 96 millions de dollars américains. A ce gain économique il faudrait ajouter 16.600 vies d enfants sauvées suite à la réduction de la prévalence du déficit pondéral pour l age; 11.000 vies d enfants sauvées suite à l élimination de la carence en vitamine A; et 42.500 nouveau-nés sauvés du retard mental suite à la réduction de la carence en iode. Assurer les ressources nécessaires pour la lutte contre la malnutrition en Côte d Ivoire devient une urgence nationale. Mots cles: Nutrition, Côte d Ivoire, Développement, plaidoyer (Af. J. of Food and Nutritional Sciences: 2002 2(2): 86-91)