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Assessing the Role of the School Operational Grant Program in Improving Education Outcomes in IndonesiaOver the last ten years, Indonesia has
 continued to make significant progress in improving
 educational opportunities for all its citizens. The purpose
 of this report is to provide an assessment of the national
 school grants program, Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS),
 and its contribution to progress in the education sector.
 The BOS program aimed to raise educational attainment
 through the provision of school grants to all primary and
 junior secondary schools. The report draws together studies
 and data that have been used to analyze the program and
 undertakes new analysis that looks at the effect of the
 program on household education costs and education
 participation. The review is used to draw out policy options
 to improve the program further and ensure that it
 contributes effectively to emerging challenges in the
 sector. The first chapter provides a brief overview of
 school funding in Indonesia before setting out the channels
 through which the BOS program was designed to improve
 education outcomes. The chapter also provides background
 information on the size and mechanics of the BOS program as
 well as the major changes that have occurred over the last
 ten years. Chapter two explores the effect of BOS on the
 education costs faced by households and whether these
 changes have been a key driver of the improvements in
 participation, particularly of the poor, seen over the last
 decade. Chapter three looks at the role BOS has played in
 supporting school based management reforms and whether they
 are likely to have led to improvements in education
 outcomes. The final chapter provides some suggestions on how
 to improve the BOS program and strengthen its role in
 improving education outcomes.
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Pakistan--Tracing the Flow of Public MoneyThe main objective of the report is to provide recommendations
 for policy makers and sector managers to help improve service delivery
 and the resultant outcomes in primary education. The fundamental
 premise of this analysis stems from Punjab Social Sector Public Expenditure
 Review conducted in FY2013.
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Assessing Basic Education Service Delivery in the PhilippinesOver the last decade, the Government of
 the Philippines has embarked on an ambitious education
 reform program to ensure that all Filipinos have the
 opportunity to obtain the skills that they need to play a
 full and productive role in society. The government has
 backed up these reforms, particularly over the last five
 years, with substantial increases in investment in the
 education sector. Between 2010 and 2015, spending on basic
 education increased by 60 percent in real terms, and per
 student funding levels has increased considerably. Increases
 in the availability of key inputs have also significantly
 increased access to basic education. The results showed that
 the quality of education in the country was low, with only
 around one-third of elementary and secondary school students
 being able to reach the lowest international benchmark in
 mathematics. Recent detailed studies of education spending
 in the Philippines have confirmed the need for more spending
 to enable existing schools to meet national education norms
 and standards. The purpose of this study is to assess the
 quality of basic education services and the systems used to
 allocate and manage public education resources. While
 small-scale qualitative studies have been conducted to look
 at particular public funding flows, there has been no
 previous attempt to comprehensively assess the strengths and
 weaknesses of the systems that manage and govern the use of
 public education funding. This study aims to fill this gap
 and to provide detailed evidence on the extent to which
 these systems are effective in handling key items of public
 spending. The study also aims to provide a snapshot of the
 availability and quality of key education inputs at the
 school level and to evaluate whether these resources are
 distributed equitably across schools. The outline of the
 report provides the context of the study and documents
 recent trends in basic education spending. It also shows in
 detail how recent spending increases have affected education
 outcomes. In line with agreements between the study team and
 key stakeholders while the study was being designed, the
 findings are presented as a series of seven policy notes:
 Policy Note 1: Assessing Systems for Hiring and Deploying
 Teachers reports on new teacher allocations, hiring
 processes, and salaries. Policy Note 2: Developing a
 Proficient and Motivated Teacher Workforce reports on the
 funds available for and the provision of professional
 development opportunities for teachers. Policy Note 3:
 Building Better Learning Environments reports on school
 infrastructure spending. Policy Note 4: Assessing
 School-based Management evaluates how well school-based
 management institutions and processes are working. Policy
 Note 5: Providing Schools with Adequate Resources to Deliver
 Quality Education reports on the provision and use of funds
 to cover school maintenance and operating expenses (MOOE).
 Policy Note 6: Assessing the Role Played by Local Government
 in Supporting Basic Education reports on the funding
 provided for basic education by local governments. Policy
 Note 7: Understanding the Drivers of Public School
 Performance and Efficiency examines school efficiency and
 explores associations between efficiency, performance, and
 the explanatory factors highlighted in the other policy
 notes. Finally, a short conclusion draws together the key
 findings and policy recommendations contained in the
 separate policy notes.