The Category of Neighbourhood in Islamic Modernism of Yugoslavia. "Fetve" of Husein Đozo
Keywords
neighbourhood in Bosnianeighbourhood in Islam
Christian-Muslim relations
Islam
Islam in Yugoslavia
Husein Đozo
Islamic Modernism
Yugoslavia
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The Category of Neighbourhood in Islamic Modernism of Yugoslavia. "Fetve" of Husein ĐozoDeparting from Carl Schmitt’s assertion that all significant concepts of modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts, the article tries to recreate the political and ethical theory of the neighbour present in the Qur’ānic commentaries and fatwās (fatāwā) of Husein Đozo as the main representative of Islamic Modernism in former Yugoslavia. Subsequently it seeks to establish connection between the theoretical framework od theological dogmas, and the everyday praxis preserved in the formula of fatwā as a genre of religious Islamic literature which by giving answers to the questions of the faithful Muslims, forms a dialogue of authority and the society, of the theory and the praxis.Using the tools of Critical Discourse Analysis the text extracts the categories of neighbourhood and reveals that they are mainly faith-based. In other words, in the common perception, members of various religious communities: Muslims, Jews, Christians are each other’s neighbours. According to the analysed exegetical and juridical Islamic sources, the neighbourhood category is based on freedom and mutual respect and can be shared by Muslims, atheists and apostates from Islam to atheism.In consequence the text shows that the non-trespassable border of an inherent to each of the neighbour units culture, forms a central neighbourhood-defining category. It is precisely the maintenance of dissimilarities between the neighbours that safeguards tolerance, respect and freedom for the members of particular entities. The internal systems of signs, behaviours, artefacts and lifestyles sustain the preservation of equality between the neighbours, as long as they share the same social capital and thus, retain the symmetrical positionality towards each other.Taking up a position of distance from the common lifestyle values (like in the case of Roma Muslims), or from intellectual legacy of Semitic Abrahamic faiths (like in the case of Baha’i faith which incorporates such figures as Krishna and Buddha), results in exclusion from the category of neighbourhood. Thus, the spatial and social proximity forms the core of neighbourhood classification.The paper is based on rich exemplification of fatwas that reveal the absorption of Judeo-Christian heritage into the Islamic thought, and explains the theoretical and theological framework of this process. It presents the perception of neighbour and neighbourhood in the Islam of socialist Yugoslavia, and – to some extent – the intellectual outcome of Judeo-Christian and Islamic neighbourhood in terms of spatial and theological vicinity.Finally, the article shows that the Yugoslav Islamic stance towards the once classified neighbour is inclusive, welcoming and hospitable. Intellectual background of this attitude is formed by the tradition of Islamic Modernism of early 20th century Egypt, and the influence of such Islamic thinkers as Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī, Muḥammad ‘Abduh, Muḥammad Rašīd Riḍā, Maḥmūd Šaltūt. Hence, the article implicitly poses a question on the intellectual origins of the Islamic openness towards the neighbour, inherent to Titoist Bosnia. Kategoria sąsiedztwa w islamskim modernizmie w Jugosławii."Fetve" Huseina ĐozoWychodząc od twierdzenia Carla Schmitta, że wszystkie znaczące pojęcia współczesnej teorii państwa to zsekularyzowane pojęcia teologiczne, autor próbuje odtworzyć polityczną i etyczną teorię sąsiedztwa, obecną w koranicznych komentarzach i fatwach (fatāwā) Huseina Đozo, głównego przedstawiciela modernizmu islamskiego w byłej Jugosławii. Równocześnie stara się ustanowić relację między teoretycznymi ramami dogmatów teologicznych a codzienną praktyką, zachowaną w formule fatwy jako gatunku religijnej literatury islamskiej, która poprzez odpowiedzi na pytania wiernych muzułmanów tworzy dialog o władzy i społeczeństwie, teorii i praktyce. Zastosowano narzędzia krytycznej analizy dyskursu fragmentów tekstów dotyczących kategorii sąsiedztwa, pokazując, że teksty te są głównie oparte na wierze. Innymi słowy, w potocznej percepcji członkowie różnych wspólnot wyznaniowych, muzułmanie, żydzi i chrześcijanie, są sąsiadami. W myśl egzegetycznej i prawnej analizy źródeł islamskich kategoria sąsiedztwa opiera się na wolności i wzajemnym szacunku oraz może być dzielona przez muzułmanów, ateistów i konwertytów z islamu na ateizm.W konsekwencji tekst pokazuje, że nieprzekraczalna granica nieodłącznie wpisana w każdą sąsiedzką jednostkę kulturową tworzy centralną kategorię definiującą sąsiedztwo. To właśnie zachowanie różnic między sąsiadami chroni tolerancję, szacunek i wolność członków poszczególnych jednostek. Wewnętrzny system znaków, zachowań, artefaktów i stylów życia wspiera zachowanie równości między sąsiadami, dopóki dzielą ten sam kapitał społeczny a przez to utrzymują symetryczną pozycję wobec siebie.Tekst opiera się na licznych przykładach fatw odkrywających przyswajanie dziedzictwa judeochrześcijańskiego przez myśl islamu oraz wyjaśnia teoretyczne i teologiczne ramy tego procesu. Przedstawia także postrzeganie sąsiada oraz sąsiedztwa w islamie w socjalistycznej Jugosławii, a do pewnego stopnia również intelektualny wymiar judeochrześcijańskiego i islamskiego sąsiedztwa jako przestrzennej i teologicznej bliskości. Artykuł pokazuje, że stanowisko w jugosłowiańskim islamie wobec sąsiada ma charakter inkluzywny, otwarty i zapraszający. Intelektualne podłoże takiej postawy tworzy tradycja modernizmu islamskiego formującego się we wczesnych latach XX w. w Egipcie oraz wpływ takich islamskich myślicieli, jak Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī, Muḥammad ‘Abduh, Muḥammad Rašīd Riḍā, Maḥmūd Šaltūt. W ten sposób artykuł stawia też pytanie o intelektualne źródła islamskiej otwartości na sąsiada, nieodłączne dla Titowskiej Bośni.Date
2015-12-31Type
info:eu-repo/semantics/articleIdentifier
oai:journals.ispan.waw.pl:article/1165http://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2015.004
10.11649/ch.2015.004
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Copyright (c) 2015 Olimpia DragouniCollections
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