北宋士人論《史記》中的君臣之道

Abstract

[[abstract]]《史記》的文學價值在唐代古文運動時開始受到重視，評論《史記》是到了北宋時期才開始發達。北宋士人往往透過評論《史記》的獨特見解，表達自己的政治立場。因此本文研究以「北宋士人論《史記》中的君臣之道」為題，探討宋人論歷史上的成敗與君臣之間的關聯性，並與司馬遷寫《史記》的意旨互作比較。本論文一共分為七章，第一章「緒論」：說明研究動機與目的、研究範圍與方法，並回顧前人研究的成果，對宋人評論《史記》的文章作全面性探究。第二章「《史記》的君臣之道及宋代以前的評論」：論西漢、北宋的學術背景，與司馬遷個人的君臣觀；以及探討前人與北宋士人評論司馬遷的觀點，與北宋士人的君臣觀。第三章「宋人定義孔子作《春秋》的精神」：論宋人定義《春秋》大義與司馬遷作《史記》的落差，在於宋人以儒者自居的角度及個人對《春秋》的了解，以此評論司馬遷與孔子著書的差異。第四章「宋人以泰伯、西伯、伯夷的事蹟論周文王、周武王」：以泰伯斷髮文身、西伯不可能受命稱王、伯夷年齡過大等原由，質疑《史記》載事不合理之處。第五章「宋人論春秋戰國時的君臣關係」：論春秋戰國時的君臣關係，主要探討忠心與二心、圖強與變法、匹夫明義、不合儒道之舉等議題。第六章「宋人論漢代的君臣關係」：論漢代三位帝王如何落實君臣之道，主要探討漢高祖用人成功與誅殺功臣、漢文帝之明與不用賈誼、漢武帝處理李陵事件與司馬遷受累等議題。第七章「結論」：總結宋人論《史記》的特點與缺失。宋代是史論發達的時代，仁宗之後，史論文章大量產出。作者大都是士人，也是文人，其評論《史記》，往往截取片斷的史料，展開議論，以表達個人思想。有個人獨到的特色，也有斷章取義的缺失。故探討北宋士人論《史記》中的君臣之道，必須依據《史記》文本的精神，才能評斷宋人的議論。本論文研究的北宋士人共十四位，每個人議論的對象與份量不一，惟在君臣關係的論述上，尤其焦點集中在周文王、周武王、伯夷、漢高祖等人的君臣關係。北宋士人以儒者自居，強調忠節，評論司馬遷記史的方式不一，透過孔孟之言作佐證，或採班固之說及其他史料作辯證，或以個人的想法作判斷，常有出奇的論點或不合理的地方。北宋士人講究君王行仁道、王道、德政，君臣以義相合是君臣關係重要的認定，不能以義合則亂，因此他們透過評論歷史人物的功過，表達心中理想的君臣觀，主要目的還是為北宋創造一個聖人的時代。

[[abstract]]"Shiji"in literature value began in the Ancient literary movement of Tang Dynasty, Comment"Shiji" is to Northern Song Dynasty began developed. Literati often unique insight through comment "Shiji", express their political positions. Therefore, this paper study “Literati of the Northern Song Dynasty study on the relationship between the emperor and courtiers in "Shiji".” as the title,research find they discussed historical success or failure and connection of the relationship between the emperor and courtiers, and Sima Qian wrote "Shiji" intention compared with each other. This thesis is divided into seven chapters:Chapter One: “Introduction”, which about description motivation and purpose of the study,research methods and area, recalling the results of previous studies, for discussion of literati view article fully.Chapter Two: “Discuss monarchy in "Shiji" and all literati views until the Northern Song Dynasty” ,which about these two dynasties academic background, Sima Qian views,the ancients and literati views in the Northern Song Dynasty.Chapter Three: “Song literati define the spirit that the Confucius composes "Chunqiu".” which about literati standing position is to assume that if he is a Confucian scholar comment Sima Qian, the differences in the definition of "Chunqiu" and how to interpret Sima Qian and Confucius writing intention.Chapter Four: “Song literati with Tai-Bo, Xi-Bo , and Bo-Yi's deeds theory Emperor Zhou-Wen , Emperor Zhou Wu.” ,which about using “Tai-Bo haircut and tattoos”, “Xi-Bo impossible to the throne” ,” Bo-Yi too old”etc. a variety of reason to doubt "Shiji" unreasonable.Chapter Five: “Song literati comment the relationship between the emperor and courtiers in the Period of Spring and Autumn,and Warring States.” ,which about the subject that mainly there are some discussing includes to have already had no loyal, promote the national strength, the common people have righteous, be unsuited to the Confucianism of form etc..Chapter Six: “Song literati comment the relationship between the emperor and courtiers in the Period of Han Dynasty.” ,which about comment on three emperor how to practice monarchy in Han dynasty, Emperor Han-Gao appointed the suitable subordinate, but killed off to have the achievement will get; Emperor Han,Xiao-Wen is astute, but don't assign Jia-Yi; Emperor Han,Wu handling the affairs that Li-Ling surrenders, and taking charge of Sima Qian’s innocence is led long tired etc.. Chapter Seven:” Conclusion” ,which about aim at Song person's commentary in "Shiji"to induce advantage and weakness.After Emperor Song-Wen believes in to start the flourishing times, comment on a historical article to in great quantities produce. All of authors Authors are scholars , for the sake of the viewpoint of expression individual, their point of views often intercept some data of history, launch the critique. Doing so will cause some special viewses, there is also not reasonable bad. This research thinks had better according to Sima Qian 's original intention of "Shiji", so as to judge Song person says correct or false. The object of this study was 14 Song writer.Everyone discusses of object and measure the dissimilarity. This research of the point concentrate at Emperor Zhou-Wen , Emperor Zhou Wu, Bo-Yi, Emperor Han-Gao etc.. Northern Song person’s considers as correct the scholar,emphasize personal moral qualities on the viewpoint,take charge of Sima Qian to record a history with the different point of view commentary. They take the Confucius, Mengzi, Ban Gu is solid, other historical data,or their own viewpoint, comment on department Sima Qian, often get surprising talk point or not reasonable reasoning. Song literati comment monarchy affirm of the standard lie in musting have the interaction of justice between the emperor and courtiers. Will start revolting after losing the righteous of the relationship between the emperor and courtiers. Therefore, they through comment on a history of the ancients, express to affirm the ideal view in the heart. The main purpose is the times that the creation is like the sage to govern.